Benefits and challenges of labour migration

Migration of pile to some some other countries in search of employment has occurred every(prenominal) through history and it is by no means a new phenomenon. For some(prenominal) of migration workers, migration is a legitimate lifeline, but all too often, they still face exploitation and abuse. constrained trade union movement, low pay, bad working conditions, virtually no social protection, and denial of freedom of association and trade union rights, discrimination, xenophobia and social exclusion these atomic number 18 just some of the woes that rob migratorys of the put ons they could engage gained from working abroad.The countries in challenge can be classified according to their status as send or receiving country in correspondence to their level of social and stinting development. Workers move surrounded by them, cascading from poorer to fertileer countries. In each of the countries, they mainly take jobs in labour-intensive sectors with low skill requirements a nd low pay. These ar most of all construction, agriculture, hotel and catering as well as domestic services.The United Nations concourse on the Rights of Migrants defines a migrator worker as a mortal who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a compensable activity in a state of which he or she is not a resident. But at that place is considerable conceptual obstruction in defining a migrant. Migration of labourer takes different forms. In unmatched end, the dumbfound of working and residence of the labourer may be different, and the distance covered by daily commuting.At the other end, the workers may move permanently from their places of birth or usual place of residence, maintaining little or no contact with their places of origin. Between these two ends, people move absent for differing periods of time. Based on how long they atomic number 18 away from their place of origin, the migrants are distinguished as permanent, semi-permanent and temporary. fatig ue migration belongs to temporary migration, which is likely to stay away from their places of origin for more than a few months in a year. The temporary migrants are excessively cognise as short duration migrants, seasonal migrants or circulatory migrants.The finality to migrate for economic reasons can have both positive and prejudicious consequences. Migrants may secure a infract income, have access to better social services, and be able to provide a better facts of life for their children or benefit from the enrichment of becoming a member of a multinational community at ease in different cultures. However, migration may also cause family disruption when family members have to stay behind, and may involve sacrificing a familiar lifestyle and becoming a stranger in a new country.The complexity of the present day migration stream has intensified with distinctions between migrant workers, trainees, tourists, refugees and displaced persons becoming increasingly blurred. The term migrants appears to be broader than the term migrant workers and is increasingly used in international discussions of human rights. The traditional story of migration as a movement from poor to rich nations is too simplified. there are both economic and non-economic factors affecting these flows. internationalistic migration has contributed to growth and prosperity in both host and source countries. Migrant worker remittances wreak the second largest international mo assoilary trade flow, exceeded only by petroleum. Migrants also provide a valuable source of semi-skilled and unskilled labour to many industrialising countries and provide a source of highly skilled labour to ripe(p) countries, thereby assisting the latter in maintaining economic competitiveness.Labour migration policies differ from other migration policies directed at migration flows that may also have an have-to doe with on labour markets, for example refugee and family reunification, in the sense that the y do not have humanitarian objectives but apply economic criteria with a view to responding to labour market needs. Governments at all points on the migration spectrum increasingly recognize the potential drop of restrictive mechanisms to maximize the positive feign of labour migration. Many direct and receiving countries are exploitation their regulatory capacities to manage labour mobility by considering the interests of single governments, societies, and the migrant.Positive tensions for receiving countriesraise total output and incomes in the rich, host countriesadd-on efficiency in the use of the worlds resources all around, in rich and poor countriesincrease the supply of entrepreneurship and stimulate the creation of menial businessincrease savings, investment, and human capital formation in the rich countriesaccelerate the pace of innovationincrease the flow of remittances to poor countries help the economic problems associated with the aging population in rich countr ies.Globalization is a major driving force of international labour migration. Globalization has make migration much easier through better communications, dissemination of information through voltaic pile media and improved transport.Countries are at different stages of demographic transition, with developing countries typically having younger populations than demonstrable countries. One of the most frequently cited costs of migration is alleged(prenominal) brain drain the loss of educated workers with valuable skills, which can natter large losses on governments that bear the costs of education and training. idea drain is potentially a concern for all economies, both developing and developed, with some developed economies experiencing significant rates of skilled emigration. The greatest international concern in the area of international labour migration is the unprecedented put on in irregular forms of migration that has occurred in recent years. The numbers of unauthorized m igrant workers are increasing in virtually every part of the world.A large proportion of labour migration occurs illegally, aided and abetted by a hush-hush and often criminal industry. Increasingly, governments of both move and receiving countries are developing regulatory mechanisms to manage labour migration. These include selective recruitment policies by countries needing labour, and hefty marketing and overseas employment strategies by countries supplying labour.Migrant workers benefit host countries in a number of ways. The overall economic impact of all migrant workers to the UK for example suggests that they make a positive net contribution of around 2.5 billion to the public accounts.There are grand implications for sending countries as a result of out-migration, the most crucial of which are the loss of expertise and skills. This brain drain is particularly acute in developing countries, especially where the move abroad is permanent. Public services, such as health, education and social services, are losing large numbers of skilled workers to migration. geomorphologic changes and decreasing investment in the public sector has increased the force per unit area on public sector workers to migrate, as shown by trends in the health and education sectors.Although many economic migrants work in relatively low-paid jobs they on a regular basis send money home to their families and relatives. However, it is difficult to estimate the scale of these remittances to sending countries because of the often informal manner in which they are returned, but there is little doubt that they contribute to the national income of the countries involved, and act as a stimulus to longer-term economic growth.Migrant workers who return home bring recognise and knowledge from working in another country. This benefits the home country as a whole by adding to its pool of talented workers, particularly where the skills are relevant to the needs of the home economy and the migrant workers are spontaneous to use them upon return. It also benefits the individual worker who will have developed through contact with people possessing a range of human, intellectual and passe-partout skills. Access to educational and language courses in the host country should unsolved up opportunities for career promotion at home and assist the personalised development of each worker.BibliographyInternational Organisation for Migration. 2005. World Migration 2005. Costs and Benefits of International Migration.Kothari, U. (2002). Migration and chronic poverty. Chronic Poverty Research Centre. Institute for Development constitution and Management. University of Manchester. Working Paper No. 16.Linard, Andre. (1998). Migration and globalization The new slaves. Brussels ICFTU, July.Stalker, Peter. (2000). 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