Travelling Essay

As for me I prefer to learn about the world travelling.Millions people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places or just for a change of scene. It's always interesting to discover new things and different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different music.Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City residents usually like a quiet holiday by the sea and in the mountains with nothing to do but walk and bathe and lay in the sun.Most travelers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures of everything that interest them – the sights of a city, old churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests, different kinds of t rees, flowers and plants, animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by the photos of the happy time they had.People travel by train, by plane, by ship or boat and by car. All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their plans and preferences. The fasters way of travelling – is travelling by plane, but in my opinion the most comfortable is travelling by ship and the cheapest is travelling on foot.If we are fond of travelling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers and see pictures of them on TV. The best way to study geography is to travel and the best way to get to know and understand the people is to meet them in their own homes.Nowadays people mostly travel by air, as it's the fastest means of  travelling. Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport 2 hours before departure time on international fligh ts and an hour on domestic flights, as there must be enough time to complete the necessary airport formalities. Before passengers get on board the plane, they have to register their luggage. Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.Landing formalities and custom regulations are more or less the same in all countries: while still on board the plane the passengers are given arrival cards to fill in. After the passengers have disembarked, officials will check his passport and visa. Then the passengers go to the custom for an examination of their luggage. As a rule personal belongings may be brought in duty-free. In some cases the custom inspector may ask you to open your bag for inspection.As for me, I prefer to travel by plane. And now I would like to tell you about my first travelling by plane. It was in 1998 when I travelled to Italy. I travelled without parents, but with guide and other children. I don't remember exactly how much time it took to fly from Minsk to Venice, but I think it must be about 2 or 3 hours.During the flight I communicated with my neighbours, I admired the view from my window and slept a bit. When we are were landing in Venice I looked out of my window and saw the entire city at my hand. It isn't true, that there is no one road in Venice, but only water channels. I can say that only the third part of the city is covered with water. Then the plain landed. So, it was my first travelling by plane.And in the end I'll say that traveling is a nice hobby and a great thing if you want to know more about the world and certainly if you are studying a foreign language.

Ethics Goes To Hollywood Essay

When we think of ethics with regards to Hollywood, some people might even question if there really are any left? With the growing number of moralists and critics that easily target Hollywood, ethics has become an important factor that seems to be set aside. Many of the movies that are being shown today presents violence, nudity and lack of values incorporated with the film. But there can always be an argument about how is ethics really perceived through the movie industry? Some might doubt but actually when we look pass through over-all violence and those unacceptable factors to moralists, some movies do posses ethics in them. Most of the time, those ethics are just overlooked by the over-all presence of the movie. When we analyze and breakdown a movie and study the characters there is a great opportunity to realize the moral fiber of the film. In recent memory, there are only a few movies that have produced an unusual style of presentation in the silver screen. One of those movies showed up during 2007 through a film titled â€Å"300†. It was based from Frank Miller’s graphic novel also named â€Å"300†. This movie adaptation of the novel is also based from the Battle of Thermopylae that was retold in a fictional sense. To further analyze the movie, the following paragraph will showcase the movie’s summary. Beginning with the presentation on a how a Spartan boy grows up and how he emerges to be king of Sparta, the movie was narrated by Dilios, a spartan soldier who was able to live and tell the tale. After years of being Sparta’s king, Leonidas received a messenger who was sent by the Persian ruler Xerxes. The messenger presented an offer that enraged king Leonidas, leading the messenger kicked down a seemingly bottomless pit. The message was sent clear, the Persian army is about to come, to invade Sparta and add it up to their growing territory. King Leonidas then consulted the Ephors, priests who consult the oracle for answers from the gods. Proposing a plan to block the Persian army by defending the Hot Gates of Thermopylae, King Leonidas was furious by the Ephors’ advice of not to fight because the oracle said that it was forbidden and the gods will get enraged if they do. Despite all of this, Leonidas stood strong with his firm decision to defend the Hot Gates. He gathered 300 of the greatest Spartan soldiers and assembled a party that would hold off thousands of Persians. As they have reached the Hot Gates, they defended it for days just to protect Sparta. King Leonidas courageously led the way by standing strong to his principles until the end. The number of the Persian army was too much for the 300 Spartans and eventually led to their deaths. Only one soldier was tasked to return to Sparta to tell the tale, Dilios, who forever made Leonidas and the 300 Spartans, remembered. LEONIDAS AND HIS VIRTUES The whole essence of the story evolved in Leonidas’ answer to his ethical dilemma that concerned with his decision to push through despite a number of people prohibiting him. One example was when he was discouraged by the Ephors or priests to pursue his plan because it was the time of the Carneian festival. His ethical dilemma would be is that if he pushes through with his plan, he would be disrespecting the Carneian but he would be able to salvage some time to defend Sparta. Despite the senate’s disapproval of sending the whole Spartan army, Leonidas faced his dilemma by standing strong with his beliefs and forming an army of 300 to continue his plan. Another example would be seen during the scene where the Persians were negotiating with Leonidas. First was during the arrival of the Persian messenger who offered Leonidas salvation of the Spartans from the Persian army if he yields. Another was during their stay at the Hot Gates, when King Xerxes himself talked to Leonidas personally and again proposed to have them spared if he yields to the Persians. Both of these instances presented a same result, Leonidas refusing to give up and standing strong to his principles. Choosing the side of what’s right than what’s wrong, suggests Leonidas’ firm ethical correctness and proper morality virtues. OTHER ETHICAL THEORIES PRESENTED Egoism is also depicted in the movie as seen in Xerxes’ motivation to rule and conquer the world. His actions towards self-interests boost his drive to invade and gain territories. In one instance, he even called himself the king and ruler of the world. A little bit of Egoism can also be attributed to Leonidas. His strong desire to win and his confidence to bring only 300 soldiers despite knowing that his enemy would be thousands in number suggests a showing of Egoism. CONCLUSION When we analyze the definition of ethics we easily incorporate it with what’s write and what’s wrong. Most of it solely depends on how we make that decision. The movie â€Å"300† despite its over-all violent nature still possessed that essential factor of morality and the integration of ethics through the characters, most especially Leonidas. Being the Spartan king, his decision to protect his kingdom by defending the Hot Gates despite disagreements by the senate and the priests caused his ethical dilemma. By overcoming this dilemma and choosing what he knows is right, it created a chain of events that lead to his popularity and immortality through the help of the story that’s still known up to today. Despite Xerxes’ tempting offers in order for him to surrender, Leonidas’ strong principles carried him all the way to legendary proportions. Driven by a king’s instincts, Leonidas died for the people of Sparta which caused them to be more inspired and more driven to defeat the Persian army that arrived pass the Hot Gates. All in all, despite Hollywood’s descending reputation in accordance with moralists, people can still find ethics in movies. People just need to look pass through and analyze the details to get the even bigger picture. References Mackie, J L. (1977). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. New York: Penguin Books. Simpson, R. H. (1972). Leonidas’ Decision. Phoenix (Vol 26, pp. 1-11).

Sachin Tendulkar

Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar  (English pronunciation:  /s t n t? n? du? lk? r/  (  listen); born 24 April 1973)[1]  is an  Indian cricketer  widely acknowledged as the greatestbatsman  in  One Day Internationals[2]  and second only to  Don Bradman  in the all time greatest list in  Test cricket. [3]  In 2002,  The Wisden  ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind  Don Bradman, and the second greatest one-day-international (ODI) batsman of all time, behind  Viv Richards. [4]  Tendulkar was a part of the  2011 Cricket World Cup  winning  Indian team  in the later part of his career, his first such win in six World Cup appearances for India. 5]  He was also the recipient of â€Å"Player of the Tournament† award of the  2003 Cricket World Cup  held in South Africa. Tendulkar won the 2010  Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy  for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards. [6]  He has been recommended for the receipt of the  Bharat Ratna  award, in fact it has been speculated that the criteria for the award of the  Bharat Ratna  was changed to allow him receive the award. [7][8]  He is also a member of  Rajya Sabha  ofParliament of India. [9]  Tendulkar passed 30,000 runs in international cricket on 20 November 2009.On 5 December 2012, Tendulkar became first batsman in history to cross the 34,000 run aggregate in all formats of the game put together. [10][11][12]  At 36 years and 306 days, he became the first ever player to score a double-century in the history of ODIs. Two years later he became the first player to score 100 international centuries. As of December 2012, Tendulkar has played 657 matches in international cricket. [13] Tendulkar has been honoured with the  Padma Vibhushan  award, India's second highest civilian award, and the  Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna  award, India's highest sporting honour.He was also the first sportsperson and the first one without  aviat ionbackground to be awarded the honorary rank of  Group Captain  by the  Indian Air Force. Tendulkar has received honorary doctorates from  University of Mysore  andRajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. [14][15]  Sachin holds the 19th rank in  ICC Player Rankings  for Test batsmen as of 17 March 2013. [16]  On 1 August 2012, Sachin Tendulkar was nominated for the ICC People's Choice award for the third time. [17]  In 2012, he was nominated to  Rajya Sabha, the upper house of theParliament of India.Sachin Tendulkar was named as an Honorary  Member of the Order of Australia  in 2012. [18]  On 23 December 2012, Tendulkar announced his retirement from ODIs. [19][20][21][22]  Tendulkar has already stated that he will not be playing  T20 Internationals  [23] Contents  Ã‚  [hide]   * 1  Early years and personal life * 1. 1  Beliefs * 2  Early domestic career * 3  International career * 3. 1  Early career * 3. 2  Rise through the ranks * 3. 3  Captaincy * 3. 4  Injuries and apparent decline * 3. 5  Return to old form and consistency * 3.   2007/08 tour of Australia * 3. 7  Home series against South Africa * 3. 8  Sri Lanka Series * 3. 9  Return to form and breaking the record * 3. 10  ODI and Test Series against England * 3. 11  2009–2010 * 3. 12  2011 World Cup and after * 3. 12. 1  100th international century * 3. 12. 2  Return To Ranji Trophy and retirement from ODIs * 4  Indian Premier League and Champions League * 5  Style of play * 6  Controversies * 6. 1  Mike Denness incident * 6. 2  Ferrari import tax * 7  Fan following * 8  Business interests * 8.   Commercial endorsements * 9  Political career * 10  Career achievements * 10. 1  Individual honours and appreciations * 10. 1. 1  National honours * 10. 1. 2  Other honours * 11  Philanthropy * 12  Biographies * 13  See also * 14  Further reading * 15  Notes * 16  References * 17  Externa l links| ————————————————- Early years and personal life Tendulkar was born on 24 April 1973 into a  Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin  family in Bombay (now  Mumbai). [24][25][26]  His father Ramesh Tendulkar was a reputed  Marathi  novelist and his mother Rajni worked in the insurance industry. 27]  Ramesh named Tendulkar after his favourite music director,  Sachin Dev Burman. Tendulkar has three elder siblings: two half-brothers Nitin and Ajit, and a half-sister Savita. They were Ramesh's children from his first marriage. [28]  He spent his formative years in the  Sahitya Sahawas Cooperative Housing Society,  Bandra (East), Bombay. As a young boy, Tendulkar was considered a bully, and often picked up fights with new children in his school. [29]  He also showed an interest in  tennis, idolising  John McEnroe. [30]  To help curb his mischievous and bu llying tendencies, Ajit introduced him to cricket in 1984.He introduced the young Sachin to  Ramakant Achrekar, a famous cricket coach of Bombay and a club cricketer of repute, at  Shivaji Park,  Dadar, Bombay. Achrekar was impressed with Tendulkar's talent and advised him to shift his schooling to Sharadashram Vidyamandir (English) High School,[1]  a school at Dadar which had a dominant cricket team and had produced many notable cricketers. [31]  Prior to this, Tendulkar had attended the Indian Education Society's New English School in Bandra (East). [31]  He was also coached under the guidance of Achrekar at Shivaji Park in the mornings and evenings. 32]  Tendulkar would practice for hours on end in the nets. If he became exhausted, Achrekar would put a one-rupee  coin on the top of the  stumps, and the bowler who dismissed Tendulkar would get the coin. If Tendulkar passed the whole session without getting dismissed, the coach would give him the coin. Tendulkar n ow considers the 13 coins he won then as some of his most prized possessions. [33]  He moved in with his aunt and uncle, who lived near Shivaji Park, during this period, due to his hectic schedule. [31] Sachin Tendulkar and his wife Anjali Meanwhile at school, he developed a reputation as a child prodigy.He had become a common conversation point in Mumbai cricketing circles, where there were suggestions already that he would become one of the greats. Besides school cricket, he also played club cricket, initially representing John Bright Cricket Club in Bombay's premier club cricket tournament, the Kanga League,[31]  and later went on to play for the  Cricket Club of India. [34]In 1987, at the age of 14, he attended the  MRF Pace Foundation  in Madras (now  Chennai) to train as a  fast bowler, but Australian fast bowler  Dennis Lillee, who took a world record 355 Test wickets, was unimpressed, suggesting that Tendulkar focus on his batting instead. 35]A couple of mont hs later, former Indian batsman  Sunil Gavaskar  gave him a pair of his own ultra light pads. â€Å"It was the greatest source of encouragement for me,† Tendulkar said nearly 20 years later after surpassing Gavaskar's world record of 34 Test centuries. [36]  His season in 1988 was extraordinary, with Tendulkar scoring a century in every innings he played. He was involved in an unbroken 664-runpartnership  in a Lord Harris Shield inter-school game against Anjuman-E-Islam High School in 1988 with his friend and team-mateVinod Kambli, who would also go on to represent India.The destructive pair reduced one bowler to tears and made the rest of the opposition unwilling to continue the game. Tendulkar scored 326 (not out) in this innings and scored over a thousand runs in the tournament. [37]  This was a record partnership in any form of cricket until 2006, when it was broken by two under-13 batsmen in a match held at  Hyderabad  in India. On 24 May 1995,[38]  at th e age of 22, Tendulkar married Anjali, a  paediatrician  and daughter of  Gujarati  industrialist Anand Mehta and British social worker Annabel Mehta.Anjali is six years his senior. [39]  They have two children, Sara (born 12 October 1997) and Arjun (born 24 September 1999). Arjun, a left handed batsman, has recently been included in under-14 probables list of Mumbai Cricket Association for off-season training camp. In January 2013 he was selected in mumbai under-14 team for the west zone league  [40] Beliefs Tendulkar is known to be a religious person,[41]  and an ardent devotee of  Sathya Sai Baba  of Puttaparthi. [42][43][44]  He has visited Puttaparthi on several occasions to seek Baba's blessings. 42][45]  In 1997, Tendulkar captained the Indian National side, playing against a World Eleven team, in the Unity Cup which was held at the hill view stadium in Puttaparthi, in Baba's presence. [46][47]  After Sai Baba's death, Tendulkar broke into tears when h e saw the body of Baba in Puttaparthi, and cancelled his birthday celebrations. [48][49][50]  The cricketer is also known to celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi at home and frequently visits temples during night when it is calm and quiet. [41][51]  The cricketer has also offered his prayers at several other  Hindu  temples across the country. 52][53] ————————————————- Early domestic career On 14 November 1987, Tendulkar was selected to represent  Bombay  in the  Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic  first-class crickettournament, for the 1987–88 season. However, he was not selected for the final eleven in any of the matches. [31]  A year later, on 11 December 1988, aged just 15 years and 232 days, Tendulkar made his debut for Bombay against  Gujarat  at home and scored 100 not out in that match, making him the youngest Indian to score a century on fir st-class debut.He was handpicked to play for the team by the then Mumbai captain  Dilip Vengsarkar  after watching him easily negotiating India's best fast bowler at the time,  Kapil Dev, in theWankhede Stadium  nets,[1]  where the  Indian team  had come to play against the touring  New Zealand team. He followed this by scoring a century in his first Deodhar and Duleep Trophies, which are also Indian domestic tournaments. [54] Tendulkar finished the 1988–89 season as Bombay's highest run-scorer. [note 1][55]  He also made an unbeaten century in the  Irani Trophy  match against  Delhi  at the start of the 1989–90 season, playing for the Rest of India. 56] In 1992, at the age of 19, Tendulkar became the first overseas-born player to represent  Yorkshire, which prior to Tendulkar joining the team, never selected players even from other English counties. [1][note 2]  Selected for Yorkshire as a replacement for the injuredAustralian  fast bow ler  Craig McDermott, Tendulkar played 16 first-class matches for the county and scored 1070 runs at an average of 46. 52. [57] His first double century was for Mumbai while playing against the visiting Australian team at the  Brabourne Stadium  in 1998. [1]  He is the only player to score a century in all three of his domestic first-class debuts. 58] ————————————————- International career Early career Raj Singh Dungarpur  is credited for the selection of Tendulkar for the Indian tour of  Pakistan  in late 1989,[59]  and that also after just one first class season. [60]  The Indian selection committee had shown interest in selecting Tendulkar for the tour of the  West Indies  held earlier that year, but eventually did not select him, as they did not want him to be exposed to the dominant fast bowlers of the West Indies so early in his career. Tendulka r mad

Impact of Competitive and Organizational Context on Manchester Unit of Essay

Impact of Competitive and Organizational Context on Manchester Unit of Amifood - Essay Example In order to empower the low skilled employees of Amifood, it needs to generate the sense of responsibility so that they take their task seriously. It can be performed by offering employees with a few choices. The socioeconomic position and social background are the factors which can impact the choice of employees (Staw, 2006). Effective organizational context can support and strengthen the capabilities of employees by developing a supportive environment and by providing adequate resources in terms of training, higher wages and advanced equipment (Pierre & Et. Al., 2011). In the case of Amifood, it can be observed that the comparative pay of tray operatives is lower than similar jobs of other companies, which has directly created anxiety among the workers and reduced the level of performance. A reward system on the basis of performance of employees in the Manchester Unit can further promulgate effectiveness in healthy work environment. Benefits and Costs from Increase to the Real Wage s of Low Skilled Operatives The wage setting in an organization is an uncertain procedure. According to ‘Conventional Theory’, it can be said that â€Å"marginal product of labor is similar to the real wage† of employees (Millea, 2002). If employees become more useful, then organizations can react with increase of the amount of real wages. On the other hand, the ‘Efficiency Wage Theory’ says that, higher wages provide an encouragement for employees to upsurge their efficiency. The cost of turnover of employees is directly related with the wage amount. According to the observation of Campbell (1993), employees who receive comparatively higher wages are much unenthusiastic to quit the job. It can be stated that high real wages... It is evident from the study that Human Resource Management (HRM) is a vital segment in any organization which deals with managing the relationships with and among employees and controlling their performance. The practices of HRM in organization include recruitment, training, performance appraisal and reward among others. Effective HRM at work can guarantee high quality loyal employees which are beneficial for organization. It is the duty of HRM to motivate employees so that they can put their best effort towards work. Motivation of employees is significant for any organization to improve the productivity and gain competitive advantage. Among other factors the financial aspects can be used as a motivator for low skilled employees of Amifood because their pay was comparatively lower than other organizations which in turn resulted in higher absenteeism, less enthusiasm to work for extra hours and high rate of turnover. Demotivated employees can fail to deliver quality services and it c an harm the reputation of the company. Therefore, appropriate change in HR process is significant for Amifood to make them dedicated towards work and make a strong position in the international market. Several theory depicts that employees can be motivated by money, thus many companies apply higher pay to make them perform effectively. Where employees’ productivity is directly connected with the achievement of company aims, higher pay can be used as motivator.

Contemporary issue in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary issue in Management - Essay Example bodies and the guidelines given by social watchdogs are only a part of the process that makes corporations recognize their social responsibility since it seems that the bulk of socially responsible actions come from the need to keep a positive public image. Maintaining that image and being socially responsible is a very important contemporary issue in the management of any company. Colvin (2006) reports that companies such as GE, BP, Starbucks, Dell, Pfizer, and Apple may be loved and hated by many people for various reasons but none of these companies can afford to have their brand name or corporate image to be tarnished in any way. In fact, certain companies may use their image to create customer loyalty and brand recognition more than other methods. Others may even go to court in order to save the image of the company (Alleyne, 2005). Undoubtedly, we are living in the information age and even false rumors about a company’s suppliers maltreating their employees in China, or the company’s employees facing racial, sexual or even gender based discrimination can have really negative effects on the bottom line of the company. Even though it could be possible for a company to be respected and appreciated based on just the financial performance (Forbes, 2005), greater appreciation comes when the company displays a healthy level of social responsibilit y along with financial performance (Natural Health, 2005). Social responsibility is not simply a stance taken by the company for exceeding the given ethical responsibility of a company. In fact, it is actually a business opportunity to seek out an image that has remained for a long time exclusively in the domain of NGOs and social organizations i.e. being a ‘green’ company. While this idea sometimes implies being environmentally friendly, the total environment in which a company operates includes a lot more than making sure that the smokestacks of industry do not create more than an manageable level of pollution.

Is playtime valuable in the primary school Essay

Is playtime valuable in the primary school - Essay Example The play time also allow the children to fight obesity as they are more active. The physical activity increases the energy level of the children. The children who indulged in playtime can have increased bone and muscle strength and can have good health. The physical activity can increase the blood circulation which also helps in increased growth. The children are playful in young age and if they indulge in play time then they have increased interest in study time. The children cannot be weary of studies as play time can give them extra leisure time. As per Ridgers (2006) â€Å"Physical activity guidelines state that children should engage in atleast 1 hour of moderate intense physical activity once a day† Play time also has an important effect on the emotional health of the children. The play time revives the mental energy of the children as they can be increasingly happy and joyful after play hours. According to Entin (2011) â€Å"When children are in charge of their own play, it provides a foundation for their future mental health as older children and adults†. The children if do not get enough time to play then they can feel depressed and anxious. In childhood children are more interested in play rather than study. The emotional health of a child is highly depended upon their physical activity. The brain development of a child is largely based on their physical activity. A child gets the most mental satisfaction from play time and hence it is highly beneficial on emotional levels. The cognitive development of a child is also based on their play time hours. The play time is not only healthy for children but also helps in increased emotional, cognitive development and be more resilient and stress managers .... ased emotional, cognitive development and be more resilient and stress managers .The impact of play time on emotional development of children is greater than we think. The creativity, imaginative skill of a child increases with play time hours (Scott,2007). The play time also has effect on the social development of a child. The play time can give children many socializing skills. They can learn to co – operate, sharing and interacting. The children largely interact while they play and hence play time has a potential benefit on social development of children. As per Milteer(2012)â€Å"Play time is a natural tool which cans co – operate, overcome challenge and negotiate with others†. The increased physical activity can increase the personality of child not only in younger years but also in future life. They can be more adaptive too unpredictable circumstances due to play time experiences. The children who engage in play time can be more expressive and communicative . They can be more outward and socializing as they engage more with their peers and friends. The play time allows children to make choices as they engage in various plays and games which have intelligence and logical importance. According to Tomlin (2008) â€Å"Maturation and socialization develop during all stages of childhood through the use of play†. The play time allow children to be more aware and alert and can be more of practical and energetic. The social skills of person are based on the child’s exposure to other people of their age group. During play time the children can be more interacting with other children and this can make them more socializing person in future. As per Caldwell (2012) â€Å"A positive self concept which boosts children is also a benefit of play time in primary schools†. The

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 24

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example An analogy is used to compare two things, and its function is to explain or clarify. An example of an analogy is your brain is like a sponge. An ideal circumstance to use this example would be when explaining how one’s brain is capable of absorbing information - much like a sponge soaks up water. This particular analogy may be misconstrued if the individual hearing this phrase is unaware of the similar functions between a brain and a sponge and that they are both capable of holding a large quantity. A metaphor is when two completely different objects, concepts, or actions are compared. The purpose of a metaphor is to provide a greater comprehension of what is being described. An example of a metaphor is time is money. Time is nothing like money, but this phrase can be appropriately used when the speaker is trying to instill into workers, for example, the importance of not wasting time, which could lead to wasting time. This phrase could be misunderstood if the listener is unable to see how time and money are associated. A simile is a figure of speech that allows two dissimilar things to be directly compared using words â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† to connect them to each other. The purpose of a simile is to reveal the relationship between two completely unlike things. An example of a simile is as busy as a bee. This example best describes how quickly and efficiently that someone is working, comparing them to the energetic work ethics of a bee as it keeps its hive operative. This phrase might lead to misunderstanding if the listener is unfamiliar with the workings and importance of a bee to the success of its hive. A cliche is a phrase that is overused and lacking original thought, often causing the phrase to lose its original meaning. The function of a cliche is to explain a concept with more accuracy than a metaphor or original description. One of the most common cliches is time heals all wounds. This phrase is best used when comforting someone after

Engineering Design Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engineering Design Practice - Essay Example Fires have been among the foremost threats to human life and property. Injuries, deaths and loss of property resulting from fires each year. Such losses can be avoided by applying fire prevention controls and being prepared for emergencies. Fire detection and alarm systems are key features in any dwelling’s fire prevention and protection strategy. NBS has published standards for the protection of individuals and property from the dangers of fire.  The objective of this study was to evaluate fire preparedness of Mr and Mrs Jones proposed new home. It includes an assessment of the following requirements: Means of Warning and Escape Sufficient means of early warning. An adequate number of routes suitably located to enable escape to a place of safety. Adequate protection of routes from the effects of fire. Internal Fire Spread (Linings) Linings will adequately resist the spread of flame over their surfaces. If ignited, linings will have a rate of reasonable heat release. Internal Fire Spread (Structure) In the event of a fire, the stability of the structure will be maintained for a reasonable period. Appropriate measures to inhibit the spread of fire within the building. External Fire Spread External walls of the building will adequately resist the spread of fire.

TO CREATE A MARKETING PLAN FOR NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE PowerPoint Presentation

TO CREATE A MARKETING PLAN FOR NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE - PowerPoint Presentation Example Many facets of the marketing plan such as the pricing advantage are detailed below, including strategic analysis of competitors, internal and external strength, weaknesses along with opportunities and strengths etc. promotional plan, marketing mix, competitive advantage and launch strategy. Pond’s ‘Soft and Smooth’ is a deep cleansing, exfoliating face wash which is not only gentle to sensitive skin, but very thorough in cleaning out dirt and oil from every pore on your face. Soft and Smooth guarantees to leave you feeling fresh and cheerful. The convenient easy pump packaging allows the user to simply push the top of the container and get your face wash instead of flipping a cap, pouring it out and capping the bottle again with soapy hands.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Soft and Smooth is set for a spring launch(towards the end of February), whereby there will be a soft launch in many popular malls followed by a full blown dominating presence as the main launch on shelves in supermarkets and departmental stores around summer(beginning of May). Smooth and Soft face wash will be the solitary face wash related product offering in the company’s portfolio of products. However, given ample time and growth, the company plans on expanding its line of face wash with more special purpose face washes instead of a one-for-all product. The promotion plan entails a first time customers’ discount of 30% if purchased in the soft launch activity zone. The product will be showcased at the basement of two prominent malls in the metropolis along with banners, decoration, flash mob, gift hampers and other awareness-creating activities. The launch will take a multi-tier approach. Spring will usher in awareness activities as part of the ‘soft launch’, where a hired brand activation company would be responsible for showcasing the product in different shopping malls and busy shopping districts through exhibitions, kiosks, and various other

A New American Society Essay Example for Free

A New American Society Essay After the Americans gained independence from Britain in 1783 in the revolution. The colonies began to change their economic, social and political system, and began to write their new constitution that lead to the override of the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The major change the Americans accomplished was the separation from the monarchy. Thomas Paine said â€Å"the nearer any government approaches to a republic the less business there is for a king.† (Common Sense 1776) During the process of a new central government, states became independent with their own central government. However, this would give the central government less power over the 13 states. Another huge change in the colonies was the separation from the church. A preacher stated that under British rule that there was a â€Å"Moral obligation, imposed on the world, to answer the purposes of ambitious usurps.† (Lorenzo Dow pg.197) This would later lead to outpouring religious enthusiasm in the colonies and the Great Awakening. An economic issue was that only the states could impose taxes in the states and congress could only request funds to pay off debt. Another factor was that the government did not have a stable money currency in the colonies, which made it difficult to barter or trade with other states. The Northern part of the colonies focused more in manufacturing and the South depended on agricultural needs. Jefferson believed in more of an agricultural economy â€Å"our exterior commerce has suffered very much from the beginning†¦ we have manufactured†¦those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God† (Notes on the state of the Virginia pg. 170). On the other hand, Hamilton believed in trading manufactured goods with Britain and believed in a society of manufacturing. The weak Articles of confederation lead to a new constitution in the colonies. The articles of confederation were ratified in the constitutional convention of 1781 in Philadelphia. Reasons it was considered â€Å"weak† was the lack of checks and balances, government could not impose taxes, and central government was weak and the lack of personal rights of the colonists. â€Å"Make the following declarations, of our humble opinions, respecting the most essential rights and liberties of the colonists† (Declaration of rights pg. 124). James Madison was one of the founding fathers of the new constitution, because of his federalist papers.

Issues Contributing to Water Scarcity

Issues Contributing to Water Scarcity INTRODUCTION Around 1.2 billion people (almost one-fifth of the worlds population) currently live in areas of physical water scarcity, and 500 million people are approaching this situation (UN-WATER 2014). Although nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by water, only about 2.5 percent is fresh with the rest being saline and ocean-based. However, only 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, with much of it trapped in glaciers and snowfields. Actually, only 0.007 percent of the planets water is available to fuel and feed its 6.8 billion people (National geographic 2014). Clean water is the water that is safe enough to be consumed by humans with low risk of immediate or long term harm (Wikipedia 2014). Water scarcity is the defined as the lack of access to adequate quantities of water for human and environmental uses However, the Water Project (2014) states that water scarcity can be explained in two ways, it is either the dearth of ample water (quantity) or it is the inability to be able to access safe water (quality). In developing countries, finding an infallible headspring of safe water is often tedious and dear. This is known as economic scarcity (a state where although water can be found, it just requires more infrastructure to access it). However, other areas experience physical scarcity, a situation where the water available is not sufficient. (The water project 2014). This essay will aim to describe the issues that may have contributed to water scarcity. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WATER SCARCITY The issue of water scarcity is quite a thriving one, whilst the worlds population tripled in the 20th century, the amount of freshwater on earth has remained fairly constant. This means that yearly, the competition for a safe and copious supply of water intensifies. Web of Creation (2003) states that the main cause of the shortage of fresh water is global warming. Increase in the average temperature of mountainous areas can result in an altered precipitation mix amidst rainfall and snowfall, with more rain and less snow. This would lead to more flooding and overflow during the rainy seasons, this also results in a reduced amount of water that is usually held in glaciers for use during dry seasons. These mountain glaciers are all liquefying. The snow mass in the Himalayas, (the third largest in the world) is now beginning to wince at an increasing rate rate. Every major river in Asia originates in that snow mass. Global issues (2010) points out that another reason for water crisis is the commoditization of water. Promoting water as a commodity has led to an increased control of water by multinational corporations (MNC). The World Bank has encouraged countries around the world to privatize water access in the hope for increased efficiency as well as follow other policies such as removal of subsidies for such provisions. As a result, although there may be many people in terms of market access, the poor have found themselves being shut out as prices have risen beyond affordability. Tread softly (2013) explains that the over extraction of freshwater and other human intrusion with the water cycle is the immediate cause of water scarcity. Over-extraction of ground water has an upfront manifestation in the level of aquifers. If withdrawals (extraction) transcend the natural rate of recharge, the level of an aquifer will fall and ultimately drying up. In parts of India, the level of aquifers is said to have fallen more than 300 metres, this is associated to the dearth of control intensified by a policy of allowing farmers infinite access to water. Given how highly fragmented land ownership is in India, with majority of the populace being farmers, their waterloo is inevitable. India’s rate of extraction of ground water has been growing steadily from a base of 90 Billion cubic metres (bcm) in 1980 to about 251 Billion cubic metres (bcm) in 2010, whilst the rate in the United States has remained rather constant since 1980 (Luthra and Kundu 2013). In Africa south of the Sahara, where agriculture is predominantly rain-fed (that is, it relies on rainfall for water), farmers’ access to water is limited based on time (during droughts and dry seasons) and space (in arid areas). Water scarcity in these regions is not necessarily caused by a physical lack of water. Literally much of the region is primarily considered to suffer from economic water scarcity, which means that investments in water resources and appropriate human capacities are not substantial enough to meet water demands of the population (IFPRI 2013). Another cause of water scarcity could be the increasing rate of pollution of the water available. Majority of the biocides, fertilizers, sewage overflows, oil and grease eventually get into the water systems. The increasing loss of marshlands can be attributed to the fact that these runoff nutrients are not always sanitised by nature before they ultimately enter the body of water. More than 60 percent of US coastal rivers and bays are severely being reduced by nutrient runoff (web of creation 2003). CONCLUSION Increase in population has led to an increased demand for quality water. Water scarcity is a global issue which requires immediate attention. To ensure sustainability, steps should be taken to ensure that water is used in such a manner as it does not reduce the potential for the future generation to have access to quality water. Sustainable practices such as water recycle, minimization, etc. should be implemented to reduce the need for freshwater extraction. REFERENCES Global Issues (2010) Water and Development. [Online] Available at http://www.globalissues.org/article/601/water-and-development [Accessed 18-03-2014] Global Water Forum (2012) Understanding water scarcity: Definitions and measurements. [Online] Available at http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2012/05/07/understanding-water-scarcity-definitions-and-measurements/ [Accessed 10-03-2014] IFPRI (2013) What’s really causing water scarcity in Africa south of the Sahara? [Online] Available at http://www.ifpri.org/blog/what-s-really-causing-water-scarcity-africa-south-sahara [Accessed 18-03-2014] National Geographic (2014) Fresh Water Crisis. [Online] Available at http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-crisis/#close-modal [Accessed 10-03-2014] Luthra, S. and Kundu, A. (2013) India’s Water Crisis: Causes and Cures. [Online] Available at http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=356#.UyGN9hpdXTo [Accessed 18-03-2014] The water project (2014) Water Scarcity and the Importance of Water. [Online] Available at http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.php [Accessed 10-03-2014] Tread Softly (2013) Causes of Water Scarcity. [Online] Available at http://treadsoftly.net/water-scarcity/causes-of-water-scarcity/ [Accessed 18-03-2014] UN-WATER (2014) International Decade for Action ‘water for life’ 2005-2015. [Online] Available at http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml [Accessed 18-03-2014] Web of creation (2003) Problem: Fresh Water and Oceans in Danger. [Online] Available at http://www.webofcreation.org/Earth%20Problems/water.htm [Accessed 18-03-2014] Wikipedia (2014) Drinking water. [Online] Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water [Accessed 09-03-2014]

Barriers to McDonalds Growth

Barriers to McDonalds Growth Be the best employer for our people in each community around the world. Deliver operational excellence to our customers in each of our restaurants and achieve enduring profitable growth by expanding the brand and leveraging the strengths of the McDonalds system through innovation and technology. Try to fulfill our customer, automatically our profit will improve. Our customers favorite place and way to eat with inspired people who delight each customer with unmatched quality, service, cleanliness and value every time. Objective of McDonalds Most people can find a McDonalds in any metropolitan city anywhere in the world. McDonalds global success can be attributed to company objectives. When consumers are aware of McDonalds objectives, they better understood the value of such a large, global franchise in helping people find employment and in offering a cheap, sustainable product to their consumers. Future goals of McDonalds In the next few years, McDonald aim to advance their balanced, active lifestyle efforts by, continuing to develop new menu offerings that provide their customer with range of choices that correspond to their needs and preferences and fit into a balanced diet, develop more happy meal choices, including new entrà ©e offerings and non-carbonated beverages without added sugar and sticking to their timetable for phasing in their new nutrition information initiative for core packaging items, continuing to assess, listen, learn and evolve their policies and marketing and communication practices so that they can continue their special regard for young people . The first original McDonalds opened up in 1940, a restaurant created by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California. The first franchised McDonalds was opened up on April 15, 1955, by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois, the 9th McDonalds overall. Miami entrepreneurs James McLamore and David Edgerton founded Burger King Corporation in 1954. The Challenge With more than 30,000 restaurants in 118 countries -many of them serving menu items that appeal to local tastes and cultural preferences we face a major challenge in gathering, organizing and communicating the nutrition values of foods and beverages servedaround the world every day. We are therefore developing a new global database to maintain detailed information about our offerings. When it comes to the pitfalls of operating a fast-food chain, Burger King (BKC) has experienced them all: falling profits and sales, angry franchise owners, mediocre innovation, growing competition. What happened McDonald had to face with high employee turn over. Some people say McDonalds are entitled to sell junk food in exactly the same way that chocolate or cream cake manufacturers do: if people want to buy it thats their decision. Nutritionists, for example, argue that the type of high fat, low fiber diet promoted by McDonalds is linked to serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease, obesity and diabetes. several parties, including the government have argued that Burger King has contributed to obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors in Western nations by producing products that contain large amounts of salt, fat, trans-fat and calories. Over come Editorial focuses on a series of endeavors launched by McDonalds Corp. designed to reshape the chain into a more contemporary and versatile competitor. Views on the initiatives; Criticisms on the changes; Design of the chains kitchen systems. Burger King has done none of that and is facing a difficult reality in this new world. As consumers demand higher standards, Burger King is going to have to invest billions of dollars in capital over a period of years to get its brand perception to where it needs to be. Task 2 Employee.Mcdonald only hire employees with a good sets of personal skills. Personal skills like Communicate intelligently, Communicate intelligently, Deal with confrontation, Team work,Know when to speak up and many more. McDonald target the employee first, in order to have good sale. McDonald need to analysis the internal employee in order to have good performance. They are two types of employee which are skill employee and unskilled employee. Skill employee has good sets of personal skill whereas unskilled employee needs training from senior employee that works in McDonald. Stakeholder .McDonalds also plans to include in it contributions from a number of campaigning groups and organizations to highlight what it calls some of McDonalds more surprising connections from The Marine Stewardship Council to animal welfare charity Compassion in World Farming. Competitors. The worlds biggest fast-food chain is battling more than the bleak global economy that is curbing appetites for purchases of its hamburgers, salads and smoothies. Restaurant chains like Burger King Worldwide Inc (BKW.N) and Yum Brand Incs (YUM.N) Taco Bell now are challenging McDonalds in the United States with revamped menus, celebrity endorsers and a renewed focus on low-priced food. Burger king competitors with McDonald because it has to do with how they prepare their hamburgers. McDonalds fries their hamburgers while Burger King Flame broils their hamburgers. In one sense, McDonalds doesnt have any real competitors, as they are the largest restaurant chain worldwide. But some of the other restaurant chains large enough to cut into its market share include Burger King Corporation, Subway, Starbucks, Wendys/Arbys Group, and YUM Foods(owners of Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, KFC, Long John Silvers, and AW, among others). Supplier. McDonalds supply chain is unique. Our supply chain model is based on a culture of partnership and collaboration which makes it possible for us to serve consistently safe and high quality food. It is important to us that our suppliers operate sustainable and profitable businesses and benefit from their partnership with McDonalds Australia. It is equally important to us that we source our products in a responsible and ethical manner that contributes to the development of sustainable agriculture and food manufacturing processes. McDonalds Canada works closely with more than 100 leading Canadian suppliers, striving to source quality products and supplies. Together, suppliers, the company and franchisees create new products, help reduce costs and ensure our customers get the same great McDonalds taste in every community across Canada. McDonald invests in Canadas agricultural sector by sourcing quality food products domestically, including the annual purchase of more than $760 mi llion in food and materials from more than 100 suppliers in Canada. McDonald shop where our customers shop our basket is just a bit bigger! McDonalds buys and serves the same wholesome foods our customers use at home, supplied by brand name companies Canadians know and trust. McDonalds suppliers include leading Canadian companies such as Coca-Cola, DANONE, Heinz, McCain, Minute Maid, Mother Parkers, Nestle, Renà ©es, Quaker and Saputo. Customers. Internal Analysis once of the major problems faced by McDonalds and can clearly be seen in Internal Analysis McDonalds Value Chain, is the lack of recruiters and led to a dramatic falloff in the skills of it employees. As we can see on Competitive Advantage Building Blocks, McDonalds is very efficient. An organization is the analysis of strengths and weaknesses, which focus on internal factors that give an organization certain advantages and disadvantages in meeting the needs of its target market. Strengths of McDonalds are successful Advertisement (Im loving it), Great Partnership (Coca Cola), Clean Environment and playgrounds for Kids, Professional Training for employees (Hamburger). External Analysis there is two conditions that are most significant in McDonalds external environment that are: The new trend in which customers are changing fast -food restaurants to healthier ones. The arising competition to achieve growth in this industry. The fast-food industry is very complex and saturated. The key success factors in show that in order to be able to compete there is a need for research and developments, achieve differentiation with your competition, create quality with your products, and be price competitive. Large capital is needed to be able to develop new products in order to differentiate among competitors. The creation of quality is very important because the switching costs majorly in this industry are very low. This explanation is supported in Five forces of competition. Although the environment is very competitive it is very difficult to enter because of the need of capital, the regulation faced by the government, and especially because of the customers loyalty towards other restaurants. Distributors. Radhakrishna Foodland (P) Ltd. [Foodland] is a part of the Radhakrishna Group, which is engaged in food and related service businesses. Also one of the distributor for McDonald. From July 1993, much before McDonalds started its operations in India; sincere efforts were made by Foodland to carefully understand McDonalds operations and requirements for the Indian market. Better facilities and infrastructures were created and new systems were adopted to satisfy McDonalds demands. Finally, all those efforts put in by Foodland culminated into a handshake agreement with McDonalds India, to serve as Distribution Centres for their restaurants in Mumbai. The division has focused all its resources to meet McDonalds expectation of Cold, Clean and On-time Delivery. This in turn, evolved their mission statement, To ensure that all McDonalds restaurants are supplied without interruption, products conforming to acceptable standards at lowest local costs to the system. The Distribution Centre (DC) is responsible for procurement, quality inspection programmed, storage, inventory management, deliveries to the restaurants, data collection, recording and reporting. Value added services like repacking of promotional items are also carried out at the DC. The DC plays a very vital role in maintaining the integrity of the products throughout the entire cold chain the distribution system that ensures the products, which arrive at McDonalds restaurants from suppliers all over India, are absolutely fresh and as per McDonalds Quality Standards. All these operations need to be managed in the most cost- effective manner. The operations and accountings a re totally transparent and are subject to regular audit. Marketing strategies of McDonalds are demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation. Demographic Segmentation is McDonalds offers different products like Happy Meal which includes a free toy for kids. For families it has made different outlets and meals which are suitable for takeaways and drive-thru. McDonalds has made its environment which is suitable for students of school to hang out with their friends and can get their lunch at McDonalds. Psychographic segmentation is McDonalds has adopted itself according to the convenience and lifestyle of the consumers. Malaysians has different culture people so McDonalds came up with a different and new product line which includes items like McChicken, double beef chicken and etc. They also made McDonalds as a place to relax and even for entertainment. Behavioral segmentation is McDonalds offers occasions like certain familys select McDonalds on various occasion like birthday party, treat to their children, wedding anniversary and etc. Targeting, from the market segments discovered, the most profitable target market segment seems to be the working adults market. The working community segment is considered the largest group of consumer of McDonald compared to children and youth. There are more sensitive to trends and lifestyles in todays culture and in almost everywhere. In addition, working adults has their own income thus able to make their own choice without too much constrain. Hence they have the tendency to determine their eating habits. Also, the McDonald provides fast services thus suit those working adults who are also always on a go and fast moving especially those in the capital cities. Positioning, in order to position itself successfully, McDonalds need to establish criteria that may allow it to differentiate itself from other competitors (Schiffman, et.al, 2008). In the fast food industry, McDonalds has positioned itself as the market leader in the sense of pricing and services. Its 24 hour services in almost all of the outlet nationwide makes them a place to look for food even it is in the middle of a night. However, it is hard for McDonalds to position itself far away from the competitors as others are also following the trend. There have 4 market mixes in McDonalds: Product: McDonalds takes into account cultural factors in serving the Malaysian consumers. The food serve is halal and servers local taste as well. They have wide range choice of menu similar with burger king. Seasonally they serve the prosperity burger for Chinese New Year. McDonalds also serves healthy food but this will effect on the taste and consumers eating experience. Product is the physical product or services offered by the company to its customers. McDonalds include certain aspects of its product such as packaging, desirability, looks etc. Price: McDonalds have more price reduction compared to KFC and Burger King. They offer a very competitive food prices. They have the Value Mc Savers and the Mc Value Meal. KFC do have their value meal called Jom Jimat Everyday and Burger King but in term of their price, McDonald offers the best price for fast Food. However, McDonalds, they offered only during certain period of time there-for rise the question of its availability. McDonald s has certain value pricing and bundling strategies such as happy meal, combo meal, family meal, happy price menu etc to increase overall sales of the product. Place: They are built or open in retail areas like shopping malls due to a trend of all Malaysian who loves to shop in malls. They also open in some rural areas however KFC has more restaurants in the rural area. In some strategic places, McDonalds also opens in several local gas stations such as PETRONAS Mesra. They open an express cafà © that serve some popular products. There are also games for children the one example is Children play games till the time there parents spend quality time in McDonalds. Promotion: McDonalds television advertisement is place on a seasonal basis which they only advertise during festive seasons and movie. Normally, their ads attract children rather than adult consumers. McDonalds in Malaysia primarily focus of it marketing campaign by sending flyers to houses and attach coupon in newspapers. McDonalds also advertise their product using billboard. They place their latest advertisement on McDonalds Mc Value Meal at major roads that indeed attract attention. Task 3 There are a few factors that affect this non-organizational based on microenvironment. Among the factors are Political, environmental, economic, technological, social-culture and legistration. Below is the explanation of each factors. Political factors The international operations of McDonalds are extreme under influence of a policy of the separate state put into practice by each government. For example, there are certain groups in Europe and the United States which demand the acts of governmental power concerning medical values of meal of fast food. They have specified that harmful elements as cholesterol and negative influences as fatness are concerning consumption of products of fast food. On the other hand, the company operates the separate policy and instructions of operations. The certain markets concentrate on various areas of anxiety, such as various area of health, protection of the worker, and environment. All these elements are noticed in the state control of licensing of restaurants in the corresponding states. Economic factors The organizations in the fast food industry arent excused from any disputes and problems. Definitely, they really have the separate problems involving business factors. Branches and privileges of networks of the enterprises of fast service as McDonalds has a tendency to experience difficulty in cases where the economy of the corresponding states is amazed by inflation and changes in exchange rates. Clients hence face a survey stalemate through their separate budgets, whether they should spend more on these foreign networks of the enterprises of fast food. Hence, to these chains, possibly, it is necessary to take out problems of effects of economic environment. Especially, their problem depends on the answer of consumers to these main principles and how it could influence their general sales. In an estimation of operations of the company, food chains as McDonalds tend to import the biggest part of the raw materials to certain territory if there is a delivery lack. Exchange rate fluctu ations will also play an essential role in companys operations. Socio-Cultural factors Articles about the international strategy of McDonalds, apparently, function on several areas to guarantee profitable returns for the organization. To illustrate, the organization changes to the best an establishment of positive thinking from their basic consumers. McDonalds indulges a special variety of consumers with certain types of persons. Also it has been noticed that the company has given the markets, such as the United Kingdom, a choice concerning their lunch requirements. Specified that McDonalds beginnings considerably valued set of meal which offers a reliable degree of quality for the corresponding market where it works. In addition, those who are elderly only below a bracket of thirty five as said are the most frequent consumers of McDonalds privileges. Many-sided character of business is reflected now in sharp value of the information about the existing market. This procedure is essentially identified in area as market research. Information concerning the reference and potential areas of the market would double as a barrier to success of the company if this area of operations neglected. In case of McDonalds they establish good system in determining of requirements of the market. The company uses concept of consumer individuality of a product of behaviour and decisions on purchase to its advantage. Technological factors McDonalds makes a demand for their organizations own products. The key tool of the company for marketing is by means of TV advertisings. There are some requirements that McDonalds is inclined to interest the younger population more. Existence of game stains also toys in the meal offered by the company shows this validity. Other demonstration of such marketing strategy is obvious in advertising they use. They use recovered descriptions of the characters as Grimace and Hamburglar. Other advertising operations employ popular celebrities to promote their products. Similar became endorsees for McDonalds all over the world loving it campaign. Besides, operations of McDonalds have considerably been infused with new technology. Elements as the system of stock and management of the value chain of companys creation consider easy payments for the suppliers and other sellers with which the person supplies in the corresponding agreement on the markets. Technology integration into operations of Mc Donalds tends to increase cost of their products. Basically it is shown in improvements on its chain of creation of value Legal factors/ Legistration There was a current roar against the fast food industry. It has forced McDonalds to apply more close examination on their corporate social responsibility. As a whole it has addressed to requirement of the company to generate its corporate reputation to more positive and the more socially responsible company. The reputation of McDonalds is obviously a huge question. Noticed on companys web site, seems, that they have got steps to take in hand the key social condemnation that they abused them in the last decades. The company gave to their clients the corresponding data in which they need the relation of food essence of their products. It is connected with socio-cultural market signs which they influence. For example, operations in predominantly Muslim countries demand, that their meat corresponded to Halal requirements of the law. In the same regard, those that operate in countries in the European Union should correspond to the existing laws forbidding usage of genetically modified mea t products in their meal. Other legal concepts as tax obligations, employment standards, and requirements to a degree of quality are only a few of important elements on which the company should consider. Otherwise, smooth operations should be difficult to reach. Environmental factor Social responsibility of McDonalds on the state influences to company operations. They involve charges of harm to environment. Among the reasons why they are accused of such requirements, is that the work of substances is not decomposed by microorganisms for their drinks glasses and treasury of expanded polystyrene for meal. Some civil groups in Hong Kong have made actions to make McDonalds privileges in Hong Kong aware of the rather copious use of containers of expanded polystyrene and resulting abusing by environment. Further, has specified that in 1995, McDonalds Hong Kong ran through the expanded polystyrene used by both Australia and the incorporated United States. Task 4 and Task 5 Agriculture -potatoes In 2007, with the share of 19,3%, the EU-27 was the second largest producer of potatoes in the World (China occupying the first place). Despite the relative and absolute decline in production observed over the recent years, which was mainly due to structural transformations of the potato sector in the new member states, potatoes for human consumption belong to the most competitive segments of EU agriculture. The sector shows also a competitive edge in international markets, especially in the sub-sectors of seed potatoes and processed products. Potatoes for human consumption are not covered by the Single Common Market Organization, except for the standard rules on state aids. Since 2008 all the potato areas in the EU can be potentially eligible to receive direct payments. Moreover, potato operators may benefit from the CAP promotion and quality schemes. Business Competitors The competition authorities inform each other of proposed decisions and take on board comments from the other competition authorities. In this way, the ECN allows the competition authorities to pool their experience and identify best practices. It should ensure an efficient division of work and an effective and consistent application of EC competition rules. The EU Commission and competition authorities from EU member states cooperate with each other through the ECN by, informing each other of new cases and envisaged enforcement decisions, coordinating investigations, where necessary, helping each other with investigations, exchanging evidence and other information and discussing various issues of common interest. Climate environment The EUs role: Spreading knowledge on climate change impacts and risks; Providing guidance on best approaches; Coordinating national activities, particularly when impacts cross borders such as in river basins; Adopting legislation and targets; and Providing funding. Employment and social right Health and safety at work is one of the areas where the EU has had the biggest impact with a solid legal framework covering the maximum number of risks with the minimum number of regulations. The Commission also works with the European Agency for Health and Safety at Work and the Conditions to disseminate information, offer guidance and promote healthy working environments particularly in small businesses. Legal basis: encourages improvements in occupational health and safety in all sectors of activity, both public and private, Promotes workers rights to make proposals relating to health and safety, to appeal to the competent authority and to stop work in the event of serious danger, Seeks to adequately protect workers and ensure that they return home in good health at the end of the working day. Statistics: European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) case-by-case data on occupational accidents with more than 3 days of absence from work and fatal accidents and European Occupat ional Diseases Statistics (EODS) harmonized data on occupational diseases from 2001 onwards, Labor Force Survey ad hoc modules on accidents at work and work-related health problems. Committees: Committees of national experts contribute to developing, implementing and monitoring EU legislation on health and safety at work, Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work (ACSH), Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) and Senior Labor Inspectors Committee (SLIC). Task 5 Economic Factors: Definitely turbulence in economy also plays vital shift of demands of the market segment. Recent world economy is shaken by the Credit crunch issue, citizen has less disposable income, and there is wild redundancy and less GDP in almost every economy. The major geographic markets of McDonalds are also affected by higher interest rate and inflation. So, cost of doing business has increased and a sale is generally decreased. This has affected also the sales of McDonalds like all other businesses throughout the world. McDonalds has recognized this issue reduced their menu to a reasonable prices and also offering a wide range of foods. Environmental factors: Green issues, renewing energy sources, recycling of rubbish or waste disposal all are a matter of concern. But these are less of significance for McDonald for the moment. Environment is the biggest challenge due to its commitment towards the environment; it has adopted Rain Forest Policy. This states its assurance for beef purchasing practices that do not cause tropical de-forestation by any means. It fully aware of the fact that enormous utilization of the natural resources can imbalance the eco system. That is why, it is recycling vegetable oil, grease etc. by converting them as fuel for their diesel trucks. Demographic factor The worlds age is changing. In some areas, mostly in developed countries such as the United States, Japan and many in Western Europe, the median age of the population is growing older, due to slowing birth rates and longer life expectancy. In the newer, emerging countries, such as those in Asia or Africa, the median age is getting younger mostly due to higher birth rates. These different trends require different marketing approaches. McDonalds caters to both segments of the population, domestically and globally by targeting each segment individually. It is not unusual to see television commercials showcasing older generations enjoying a McDonalds meal. A viewer is just as likely to see another commercial aimed at the younger generation, characterized by progressive music or urban attractions. In McDonalds stores, customers will see Happy Meals complete with an advertisement for the latest Hollywood action movie as well as coffee offered to senior citizens for 49 cents. Technological factor: Till now, the market trend does not reveal high impact on fast food restaurant for technologies. However, the general equipments, temperature regulators, control devices, point-of-sales(POS) systems, inventory management, financial information and communications are all linked to different technologies. Any improvement of integrating better technologies for better purposes will give an edge of operations and can also help it better marketing strategies. For example, recently McDonald has installed facility for free access to internet at their restaurants through Wi-Fi systems. This has increased the value of brand market positioning.

Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Teachers Education Careers Essays

Philosophy of Teaching As I think back to teachers in my past, many images come to mind. I remember teachers that were kind, patient and understanding. I also have memories of teachers that were short tempered, angry or just plain lazy. Some were eccentric, while others taught with a relaxed teaching style. So I ask myself, what separates the good from the bad? Why are some teachers so effective while others fall short? What in fact makes a good teacher? Obviously these are not easy questions to answer. All I can do is share my own opinions and beliefs on qualities that I feel make a great teacher. As teachers we have an overwhelming responsibility to prepare students for the rest of their lives. When they leave high school or college they should be trained to meet the challenges, and be prepared to handle any number of new and unusual situations. I feel that school puts too much emphasis on what some may consider to be core subjects. The essentialism approach to teaching is the most common, however I feel it is not the most effective way to prepare students for the real world. Essentialism does have its place in education, however I feel students are forced to learn too many useless facts and skills that they will probably never use. In the long run do all those algebraic equations really help when you are entertaining clients or planning a business trip? These are good skills to have, and it is important to know facts about the world we live in, but we must also include real world problems and situations. In my opinion the best approach to teaching is progressivism. I feel that the best way to prepare students for the real world is to put them in real world situation... ...porate other subjects into the learning process. If they are drawing the human form I will suggest the research of human anatomy. I will encourage my students to learn about the history of art and in doing so they will learn valuable lessons on the history of the world. My students will learn math skills as they take a photograph and double or triple its size to recreate it on paper. In my classroom I want to not only help children develop their art talent but encourage them to explore and investigate the world around them. Learning can and should be fun. If students can draw on their interest then there is no limit to what they can learn. We all have a natural instinct to crave knowledge. I hope as a teacher I can stir that instinct and help my students learn a variety of valuable skills that will stick with them for the rest of their lives.

Drug Trafficking and the Financing of Terrorism Essay -- International

"International and Domestic Terrorism Organizations and their supporters engage in a myriad of crimes to fund and facilitate terrorist activities. These crimes include extortion, kidnaping, robbery, corruption, alien smuggling, document fraud, arms trafficking, cyber crime, white collar crime, smuggling of contraband, money laundering and certainly drug trafficking." -- Steven C. McCraw, Assistant Director, Office of Intelligence, FBI, May 20, 2003 In 2002, the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy spent more than three million dollars to buy two commercials for the Super Bowl (Bovard). One of the commercials viewers posed the question of where terrorists get their funding. The answer suggested by that commercial was from buying drugs in the United States (Bovard). Most people in America viewed this as a joke and as an over-exaggeration of the truth. Recreational marijuana users (marijuana is considered a drug) saw no correlation between smoking marijuana and terrorism but more â€Å"hard-core† drug users may be in fact aiding terrorism. A main problem with the commercials put on by the White House was that with all the conflict surrounding Afghanistan and the Taliban government, the general public assumed, or was pushed to assume, that the terrorists responsible for 9/11 were the only terrorists in the world. Terrorist groups exist beyond the Taliban and Al-Qaeda including groups in Columbia, a country renowned for its drug traffic. Most Americans are not well-educated enough on drugs and the so called â€Å"War on Drugs,† not so much due to ignorance but because of a lack of teaching on it. It almost seems as if our leader’s believe in a â€Å"don’t talk about it and it will go away† kind of manner. If America... ...ation’s Fraud. 18 April 2015 . Gray, Mike. Drugs & Terrorism. 2002. NarcoTerror.org. 5 April 2015 . Huang, Reyko. Terroism-Drugs. 2 Nov. 2001. Center for Defense Information. Web 18 April 2015 . McCraw, Steven C. Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Web 18 April 2015 http://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/international-drug-trafficking-and-terrorism Mostert, Mary. Is the Attack on Condi to Cover Up Clinton’s Role in Arming Drug-Dealing Terrorists?. 12 April 2004. Banner of Liberty. 11 May 2015 . Schmid, Hans. The Kurdish Terrorism-and-Drugs Connection. 1995. 24 April 2015 .

Chapter

Why? Found it really interesting that Gerry had Stan tell so many early recollections in a row without spending time talking about them individually. This technique makes sense so that the stories form a pattern, but it was surprising to me. The most interesting aspect of the early recollections that Stan spoke of, was that he felt that all the past memories were not as emotional as the one with the kitten. I would have expected being yelled at in very memory would have been a saddening realization.But, the memories, other than the one about the kitten, were ones he had already thought about prior to the session, so maybe he had already processed the emotions of them in a way. If you were counseling Stan from this particular theoretical framework, what is one additional technique you might use? What would you hope to accomplish with this intervention? I would have encouraged Stan to make the connection of his memories of his parents being all filled with anxiety and yelling, and ask if those memories reflect anything in his current relationship with them.If you were the client, how would you be likely to respond to the therapist's (Jersey's) comments and interventions in this particular session? If I were Stan would have been very interested in the connections between my early memories and my present life. I would be exited to write down more memories in hopes of finding even more connections to current views, thoughts, or habits. Connections, like these, are fascinating. Chapter After the plague had already been unleashed in Europe, one of the first reactions was people believing that God had unleashed the deadly disease, as depicted in Giovanni Ceramic's (Doc 3) illustration of angels, coming down from the heavens, delivering their arrows of death unto the people. Sarcasms acknowledges that some people were able to escape the arrow of the Black Death in the description of his illustration. As an apothecary, it makes sense hat he views the plague as being delivered by arrows, because normally disease does not affect everyone.Disease, like arrows bypass those who are immune and strike those that are not immune. Another depiction of the plague by an anonymous source (Doc 6) illustrates that a divine entity was delivering the plague to those on earth. The common belief that God caused the plague shows how many people were religious and believed in God and thought that He was punishing them. An alternate view of the plague was blame. Many people blamed the Jews, hill others blamed God and beat themselves in hopes of God intervening. Biochip (Doc 2) discusses that people would torture themselves, the Flagellants, in hopes of God's mercy.This response to the plague was very erratic but somewhat logical because even though they beat themselves, it was for a reason, a call for God's help. With a humanistic point of view, Biochip believes that there is a more scientific approach to conquering the plague instead of hoping God will come down from the heavens and intervene and help the Flagellants. On the other hand, many people blamed the Jews, for instance when they were cremated in Strasbourg, Germany on Valentine's Day (Doc 7) where the Jews were alleged to have poisoned the water supply, in which case they were all burned.This response was made out of hatred, the Jews were a scapegoat because no one really knew how the plague came to be. Many people acted angrily and erratically in hopes Of ending the plague which ended in even more death. Th e Black Plague had a major effect on the population in Europe at the time it ravaged through the continent. The pre-plague population (Doc 9) in Europe was approximately 83 million, but after the plague ran its course, the population subsequently decreased to 60 million.The plague had a major pros and cons to it. A pro would be the fact that it led to the Renaissance Era; while a con would be the major loss of life in Europe. The most popular place of death or where most people died (Doc 8) would be the Holy Roman Empire followed by France. The significance of the amount of death in these two areas is important because it allows us to recognize that these two areas had he worst overpopulation, living conditions, famine, or economic depression over all of Europe.Even though the plague was a traumatic and insane experience for those who lived through the Bubonic Plague, but without the plague, perhaps the most important era that led to the spread of information, knowledge, and prosper ity. People today are able to look how people during the plague responded to disease and now are able to use their reactions to guide future reactions and help resolve the problems people faced back then. Chapter State diagram shows the states of the objects and how those states change. Sequence diagram only shows the message interactions among the objects. 4. Mention and describe three different views used in architectural design. Architectural design is a high level view of the system. It can be described with: logical view : represents the decomposition of a system and how those parts work with each other physical architectural view: represents the mapping of the software to the hardware process view: represents the run- time â€Å"processes† and flow of the system. 5.What is the difference between data modeling and logical data base design? In data modeling we are instructing and showing the Entity-Relationship among the objects. In logical data base design, the E-R diagram is converted to the sets of tables and relationships among the tables. 6. What is the difference between low fidelity prototypes and high fidelity prototypes? Low fidelity prototypes are quick hand drawn screens using markers, post-it notes, post cards, and/or cut out images to represent the screens of the system. Simple mockup sketch of the target product.High fidelity prototypes are screens created using a tool to design the screens. These screens look and mimic the behavior of the future screens of the system. An example of a tool is visual basic with the use of hide and show. Detailed mockup resembling and behaving close to the final product. 7. Discuss Figure 7. 26 with regard to the user's interaction; the screen's interaction; and the system's interaction (process). The user sees the Registration Screen for the Spring 2012, using the drop box â€Å"All Courses† they would select a course and click the button â€Å"Add Course†.The screen would show the representation seen at the top of Figure 7. 26 initially. This screen would react to the user's usage of the drop box (showing a scrollable list of he available courses and showing the course selected). When the user has selected a course and clicked â€Å"Add Course' the screen would send the information to the registration and when the Registration returns success it would show the second screen in Figure 7. 26. The system's interaction shown in Figure 7. 26 begins with the Registrations object passing the registration information to the section object.This section object needs to check if the student has the prerequisites for the course. If the Boolean returned is True then the message Add(student) is sent to students object. Note: another sequence diagram would represent Boolean = False. 8. Explain â€Å"Adding a course† from section 7. 3. 4. 1 using Normal's 7 Stage Model. 1 Form a goal -? add Engle 201 1 – The user (student) forms the goal â€Å"l need to add Engle 2011 to my schedule†. 2 Form an intention – find Engle 201 1 The user (student) forms the intention on the screen shown in 7. 26 to find Engle 201 1 in the drop box. Specify the action – mouse can show courses in the drop box – The user will decide to use the mouse to click and hold open the drop box and move the mouse down until he/she sees the Engle 2011 course. Execute the action – The user moves the mouse to the arrow in the drop box and clicks when he/she is on the arrow of the drop box. 5 Perceive the system state (feedback) – he/she sees the drop box open with multiple courses in a list. 6 Interpret the feedback – he/she sees the Engle 201 1 7 Evaluate – because the user sees the course they evaluate â€Å"Success† to their intention.Note: They would continue with the next intention to click â€Å"Add Course†. 9. List the four components of the GYMS model for user interfaces. The 4 factors of GYMS model are : Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules 10. Explain how the Model-View-controller architectural style is done using HTML-Script-SQL. The Model-View-Controller (MFC) architectural style is done with HTML as t he View of the system and SQL as a database. The database has the model of the system. PH is the script used as the controller for the system. Chapter 8: 1 .Question: What are the two general characteristics of a design that naturally carry over from requirements? Answer: The design is an evolution from requirements. So the two general characteristics of a) consistency and b) completeness of requirements usually carry over to the design. 2. Question: What is Menace's climatic complexity number a) attempting to measure, and b) what is the climatic complexity number of a program A that contains 3 binary predicates (or branches)? Answer: a) Menace's climatic complexity number measures the control flow complexity of software. ) Using the simple formula of (#if binary branches + 1), the climatic number of program A is (3+1 ) or 4. 3. Question: What is a program slice? Answer: A program slice is the set of statements that can affect the value of some specified variable of interest in the program. 4. Question: What are glue tokens and super glue tokens, and which type nutrients more to cohesion? Answer: Glue tokens are data tokens that lie in more than one data-slice, and super glue tokens are data tokens that lie in every data-slice. The super glue tokens contribute more to cohesion because they lie in every data slice. 5. Question: What is software cohesion?Answer: Cohesion is a characteristic that describes the degree of relatedness within the software. 6. Question: What are the levels of cohesion? Answer: There are 7 levels of cohesion listed in the order of worst to best: coincidental, logical, temporal, procedural, communicational, sequential, and national. 7. Question: What is software coupling? Answer: Coupling is a characteristic that describes the degree of interdependence or interaction among the parts within the software. 8. Question: What are the levels of coupling? Answer: There are 5 levels of coupling listed in the order of worst to best: content, com mon, control, stamp, and data. . Question: What are the six design measurements of C-K metrics in 00? Answer: They are a) weighted number of methods per class, b) depth of inheritance tree of the class, c) number of children of a class, d) coupling between objects, e) number of espouses to a class message, and f) lack of cohesion among methods in a class 10. Question: In contrast to general design, what is user interface design interested in? Answer: The general software design is concerned about the software components, their characteristics and their interactions.User interface design is focused on the interaction between the software and its human users; thus both software and human attributes are of concern in user interface design. 1 1 . Question: List four out of the eight rules of user interface design identified by Seminarian and Pleasant. Answer: There are actually 8: a) consistency, b) roved short cuts, c) informative feedback, d) closure in dialogues, e) simple error hand ling and prevention, f) permit â€Å"re-do†, g) support locus of control, h) reduce the amount of short-term memory needs. Any four of the eight would be fine. 12.Question: What are the general cohesion and coupling goals when designing software? Answer: We strive for lesser or looser coupling of software, and we design for stringer or tighter cohesion. 13. Question: What is the Law of Demeter attempting to achieve? Answer: Law of Demeter is a set of guiding rules that limits the span of control of an object y restricting the messaging structure among methods of a class. Through these restrictions it is conjectured that we can reduce coupling and enhance cohesion. 14. Question: What is fan-in and fan-out, and what attribute do they measure?Answer: Fan-in is a measure of number of information flow into a module or component. Fan-out is the number of information flow out of a module. An example of fan-in for module-x would be the number of modules that call module-x and for fan -out of module-x would be the number of modules that are called by module-x. Thus fan-in and fan-out measure the coupling attribute among modules. Chapter 9: 1. Question: is the act of transforming the detailed design into a valid program in some programming language. Answer: Implementation. 2. Question: List 3 desirable characteristics of a good implementation.Answer: Readability; maintainability; performance; traceability; correctness; completeness. 3. Question: True or False? : The most important issues for maintaining a good coding style are: to be consistent and to try to highlight the meaning of your code. Answer: True. 4. Question: You should choose longer names for local variables or entities, but can use shorter ones for global variables or entities. Answer: False. 5. Question: List 3 of the types of code comments described in the book. Answer: Repeat of the code; explanation of the code; marker in the code; summary of the code; description of the code intent; external refe rences. Chapter In 1 966 the gate ticket revenues mainly paid for player's wages and with the commercial television of Ames global audiences and fan bases grew. In 2009 clubs such as real Madrid, Manchester united and Barcelona became lucrative deals for investors. However, the investment model for football clubs changed and many investors started leveraging the investments through massive amounts of debt. Many clubs in the UK were public limited companies and were listed on the stock exchange but recently many have been brought into private ownership again through private equity.Bankruptcies and corruption scandals have raised questions to whether many football clubs have been able to have a smooth transition into the repressions business world. A clubs livelihood is directly related to their fan base (spectators, TV audiences, or consumers of merchandise) but over the past decade the average attendance to the English Premier League matches has stagnated and younger people have been wary to attend. With high prices for tickets, fans have been feeling alienated by the players' wages and TV scheduling has greatly fuelled the feeling that football is no longer a fan's game but a business oriented way of generating revenue for owners. Between 1 996 and 2006, the seventy-two clubs of the English Football League add a pre-tax loss of IEEE m; in comparison, the other leagues clubs, that were predominantly owned by fans, made Emma operating profit through higher attendance at lower ticket prices.Recently initiatives, such as Supporters Direct, have addressed the fans' interests more directly. They have also been involving themselves in various social projects in the community (usually addressing social exclusion, unemployment, or anti-social behavior). These clubs have created community schemes that often partner with fans, police, and local council. However, clubs such as Real Madrid and FCC Barcelona are member-owned, democratic, and not-for-profit organizations and have leaderships that are accountable to the people who watch and pay.The All party Parliamentary Football Group published three recommendations to improve governance in the industry, these included: A ‘fit and proper persons test' for the management and ownership of clubs Supporter-led governance and, Nurture Eng domestic talent. With these recommendations given, a Stewardship Scorecard, developed by CAR think-tank tomorrow's company, ranked clubs on various criteria such as putting the club first' and â€Å"engagement with fans and the community'. Overall football is still dependent on a constant fan base since they are far less likely to switch allegiances due to poor performance.Ethical Dilemma: Who cares whose shares? 1. What is the main ethical issues in this case? The main issue is whether or not you should tell Freddie to sell his shares of Parchment (PC) because there will be a report published in Big Science magazine that could effect that shares negatively. This is considered insi der trading and is illegal. There are four main ethical arguments that used against insider: fairness, misappropriation to property, harm to investors and the market and undermining of fiduciary relationships (Crane & Matted, 2010).By telling Freddie, you would be giving himself and his clients an unfair advantage over other investors, he would also give up information of PC's privately documented information and knowledge without PC knowing meaning that he is BPCS property is being shared without knowledge. Harm would come to investors and the market because if everyone of Fireside's linens decide to sell their shares then other investors' stocks would decrease and leave others, including the company, wondering why the stocks dropped so much before the release of the report.Your fiduciary responsibility to the company and other shareholders should be one of the most important things since you are an employee of PC as well. 2. Who are the main stakeholders here, and how would you co mpare the relative importance of their stakes? The main stakeholders in the company are the shareholders the employees that don't have shares and the product users. From a humanitarian respective, the product users, whose health and safety are at risk by using product, would be considered the most important stakeholder, and then followed by the employees and then shareholders.From the business aspect the shareholders are the main stakeholders and then the employees and the product users would equally important. This is because the company will most likely not notice a change if a small amount of customers stop using the product. 3. Explain how you would ultimately decide and why. Would not tell Freddie about it because I would rather have a friend mad at e then to end up going to jail/be fined for insider trading by the company. Loud also not tell him because if it were to get out then my reputation for good work habits and judgment would be affected if I ever looked for another job or wanted to be promoted within PC. 4. Is there a difference between acting yourself on the information you were given and passing this information on to Freddie. Yes there is a difference because you aren't sharing company information with anyone so if you do end up selling your shares, and the stocks do not go own, then you would only be hurting yourself and not effecting other investors. Chapter Emancipation Proclamation announcement made by president Lincoln during the Civil War; emancipated all black slaves in States still engaged in rebellion against Union; went into affect January 1, 1863. Fort Sumter – a fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina; the location of the start of the Civil War. George B. McClellan – commander of the Army of the Potomac and general of the war. Gettysburg a battle of which was fought from July 1-3, 1863; Lee withdrew from this battle July 4th (the same day as the surrender of Vicksburg). Greenbacks – paper currency.Homestead Act – allowed citizen (or prospective) to claim 1 60 acres and buy it or a small price after 5 years of living on it. Jefferson Davis – the â€Å"president† of confederacy; was unsuccessful; rarely provided any leadership. March to the Sea – sixty mile wide swath of desolation across Georgia; Sherman left Atlanta and destroyed towns and plantations through Georgia, S outh Carolina, and North Carolina. Morris Land Grant Act – transferred substantial public accuracy to state governments to sell and profits went to public education. Robert E. Lee – opposed secession; left US army to lead confederate forces.Shiloh – Grant, with new troops, recovered and forced Beauregard to withdraw; union victory. Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson – confederate army leader; defeated 2 union armies by charging course suddenly and slipped away. Ulysses S. Grant – constant, unrelenting assault (military); willing to fight when others wouldn't; presided over some of the worst carnage. US Sanitary Commission – organization of volunteers led by Dorothy Dig that embroiled large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. William Outcomes Sherman – led â€Å"march to the sea†; â€Å"war is all hell†; war should be as horrible and costly for the opponent.Questions: 1 . (Chart is on notebook paper attached) 2. Out Carolina- Deck. 20, 1860 Mississippi- Jan. 9, 1861 Florida- Jan. 10, 1861 Alabama- Jan. 19, 1861 Georgia- Jan. 19, 1861 Louisiana- Jan. 26, 1861 Texas- Feb.. 1, 1861 Virginia- April 17, 1861 Arkansas- May 6, 1861 North Carolina- May 20, 1861 Tennessee- June 2, 1861 3. The Accredited Compromise included 6 amendments and 4 congressional resolutions to guarantee permanent slavery. He did this in order to avoid war. 4. Lincoln did what he did in order to not be the first party of the war to take action. He did it to also escape the situation they'd been trapped in for several months. . 6. The National Bank Act of 1 865 established a system of national banks of which eventually developed the banking system we have today. It was important because it encouraged a national currency. 7. From the beginning, it was expected to be a short and low funding war. Walt that being said, the initial (first) war funded by borrowing but eventually realized that it was much more, so they created the Revenue Act of 1862 which increased taxes drastically including federal income taxes which infuriated supporters Of the war. 8. The government raised the majority of it's money by Revenue tax stamps. . The majority of the Northern nation was not supportive at all; riots occasionally occurred. They saw these laws to be an intrusion of privacy and a violation of one's sovereignty. 10. One could avoid by buying their way out of being drafted, or even substitute themselves with another member of their household. 11. Lincoln considered certain parts of the constitution to be â€Å"inconvenient,† in turn often ignoring those specific portions and did what he thought needed be done rather than consulting with congress as to what the constitution states and/or implies should be done. 12.The peace democrats ere a group of people of which believed the North pushed the South to secession. They also believed Lincoln was a tyrant and that the war was a national tragedy. This group was present in the mid-west section of the US including Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 13. A. ) He justified the suspension by claiming it was in respect of those arrested. B. ) Everyone' rights were affected as it limited citizens to have an opinion that wasn't supporting the government. 14. Chief Justice Tangy issued this writ, or formal written order, requiring him to release an imprisoned Maryland secessionist leader. Lincoln swaggered this request. 5. The Confiscation Act declared that all slaves that were used for â€Å"insurrectionist† purposes would be considered freed. The second Confiscation Act declared to free the slaves of the persons aiding and us porting the insurrection (regardless of if the slaves were doing so) and also authorized the president to employ African Americans, including freed slaves, as soldiers. As a result, with the progression of the war, the North grew to be more accepting Of emancipation. By the end Of the Civil War, slavery had been abolished i n two Union slave states and in three Confederate dates occupied by Union forces. 16.The Emancipation Proclamation was the war power act Pres. Lincoln issued on Jan. 1, 1863. This act declared forever free slaves in all areas of the Confederacy aside from those already under Union control (Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern Louisiana). It also did no apply to border slave states. 17. Slaves were often taken from their designated plantations and transported to the front, escaping Northern lines, unable to be returned to their masters. Some slaves joined the Union army, while others stayed with troops to flee to free states. Antislavery impulse gained strength, regardless of the act's inability to affect certain areas. 8. About 1 86,000 emancipated African Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and laborers for the Union forces. It was only the first few months of the war that African Americans were widely excluded. They were treated very poorly. Many died from disease due to w orking in unsanitary conditions for arduous hours. Black soldiers were paid a third less in comparison to white soldiers, as well. 19. Women were often put in nursing positions whether it'd been by choice or necessity. They also worked as retail sales clerks, office workers, and mill & factory hands.Shallowness' wives often became responsible for managing slave work forces; the wives Of more modest farmers plowed fields and harvested crops. These were all positions previously dominated by men. 20. Although there were several significant exceptions, the Federal government and the Confederate government were very similar (These exceptions included the acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the individual states, and the sanctioning of slavery [of which made abolition nearly impossible]). 21 . The region focused so intensely on producing cotton and other export crops.The departure of so many white males severely diminished the region's ability to maintain food production. Copious amounts of doctors were conscripted to serve the needs of the military, of which left many communities without any medical care. In effect, the South experienced shortages of everything. Because of this, along with inflation, there was a major instability in Southern society. Resistance to conscription, food impressments, and taxation increased throughout the Confederacy, as well as hoarding and black-market monomer. 22. While raising their armies, many more white Southerners were exempted from military service than Northerners.Conscription was successful for a period of time. Although, after 1862, conscription began to produce fewer men. In early 1864, the government experienced a shortage of manpower. At this time, situations called for desperate measures; the Confederate congress began drafting men as young as 1 7 and as old as 50. 23. The North's economy was strengthened, thus increasing industry and railroad development. The South's was weakened because of millions of Lars worth of pr operty being destroyed and the region's young male population having depleted. 24.The production of weapons was more efficient due to technological advances. Weapons were also stronger and more powerful. 25. A. ) The first battle occurred on July 21, 1861. This battle nearly succeeded in dispersing the Confederate forces, but was unable due to the Southerners taking action in stopping a last strong Union assault and performing a savage counterattack. As a result, the Confederates retreated in an unrecognized manner. When disorganized, as the Union forces were by feat with a short of supplies and transportation, the Confederates did not pursue.Because of this battle, the Union's morale and the president's confidence in his officers were destroyed. B. ) The battle of Animate began on September 17. Mescaline's 87,000-man army attacked Lee's force of 50,000. 6,000 soldiers died, and 1 7,000 sustained injuries. At the end of the day, as the Confederate line seemed ready to break, the las t of Jackson's troops arrived to reinforce it. McClellan then allowed Lee to retreat to Virginia. This battle only lasted one day. C. ) There were complications for the Union forces n the East, but important victories occurred in the West.Grant moved his his and supplies to an area south of the city. He then attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Vicksburg surrendered 6 weeks later on July 4, due to the fact that residents were starving as a result of a prolonged siege. D. ) Lee attacked Mead's army once they were perched on the hills south of the town. Lee's forces Were outnumbered 75,000 to 90,000 and his assault On the Union forces on Cemetery Ridge failed. The next day he ordered a second, larger effort. 1 5,000 Confederates advanced nearly a mile while being swept by Union fire. Chapter First Pages editor of the Harvard Business Review, noted that organizations must also undergo significant efforts to protect their human capital. A firm may â€Å"diversify the ownership of vital knowledge by emphasizing teamwork, guard against obsolescence by developing learning programs, and shackle key people with golden handcuffs. â€Å"23 In addition, people are less likely to leave an organization if there are effective structures to promote teamwork and information sharing, strong leadership that encourages innovation, and cultures that demand excellence and ethical behavior.Such issues are central to this chapter. Although we touch on these issues throughout this chapter, we provide more detail in later chapters. We discuss organizational controls (culture, rewards, and boundaries) in Chapter 9, organization structure and design in Chapter 10, and a variety of leadership and entrepreneurship topics In Chapters 11 and 12. Human Capital: The Foundation of Intellectual Capital Organizations must recruit talented people?employees at all levels with the proper sets of skills and capabilities coupled with the right values and attitudes.Such skills and attitudes must be continually developed, strengthened, and reinforced, and each employee must be motivated and her efforts focused on the organization's goals and objectives. 24 The rise to prominence of knowledge workers as a vital source of competitive advantage is changing the balance of power in today's organization. Knowledge workers place professional development and personal enrichment (financial and otherwise) above company loyalty. Attracting, recruiting, and hiring the â€Å"best and the brightest,† Is a critical first step in the process of building intellectual capital.How to Lure Gene Y Workers? Commonly. Com, August 17: NP; Mantilla. 2007. How Going Green Draws Talent, Cut Costs. Wall Street Journal, November 13: BIO; and, O'Dell, A. M. 2007. Working for the Earth: Green Companies and Gree n Jobs Attract Employees. Www. Socializing . Com, 4. 1 environmental responsibility when it recruits on campuses. It showcases the company's new corporate headquarters, in Measuring, Ohio, that uses 28 percent to 39 percent less energy than a standard office building and is furnished with environmentally friendly materials.Says Nephew CEO Mark Sunny, â€Å"At the end of the day, we are competing with everyone else for the best talent, and this is a generation that is very concerned with the environment. † To meet the growing demand for students interested in working for green companies, Nonstarters, a unit of the giant employment firm Monster. Com, launched Greengrocers. It was the first online recruitment service that focuses on green employment. Econometrical and the Environmental Defense Fund, two environmental nonprofits, are adding their expertise in partnership with Nonstarters. Econometrical approached Nonstarters to create Greengrocers because there is an urgent need to reach and educate environmentally ‘agnostic' audiences, in this case college students, about the ways they can address climate change and other serious environmental problems,† claims Mark Cockroach, vice president and general manager at Nonstarters. Environmental sustainability To illustrate such interdependence, poor hiring impedes the effectiveness of development and retention processes. In a similar vein, ineffective retention efforts place additional burdens on hiring and development.Consider the following anecdote, provided by Jeffrey Prefer of the Stanford University Business School: Not long ago, I went to a large, fancy San Francisco law firm?where they treat their associates like dog do and where the turnover is very high. I asked the managing partner about the turnover rate. He said, â€Å"A few years ago, it was 25 percent, and now we're up to 30 percent. I asked him how the firm had responded to that trend. He said, â€Å"We increased our recruiting. â €  So I asked him, â€Å"What kind of doctor would you be if your patient was bleeding faster and faster, and your only response was to increase the speed of the transfusion? 29 Clearly, stepped-up recruiting is a poor substitute for weak retention. Although there are no simple, easy-to-apply answers, we can learn from what leading-edge firms are doing to attract, develop, and retain human capital in today's highly competitive marketplace. 30 Before moving on, Strategy Spotlight 4. 1 addresses the importance of firm's â€Å"green† or environmental sustainability strategy in attracting young talent. Deserted chic 118-155. Tend 124 Attracting Human Capital All we can do is bet on the people we pick. So my whole Job is picking the right people.Jack Welch, former chairman, General Electric Company 31 The first step in the process of building superior human capital is input control: attracting and selecting the right person. Human resource professionals often approach employee selection from a â€Å"lock and key' mentality?that is, fit a key (a Job candidate) into a lock (the Job). Such an approach involves a thorough analysis of the errors and the Job. Only then can the right decision be made as to how well the two will fit together. How can you fail, the theory goes, if you get a precise match of knowledge, ability, and skill profiles?Frequently, however, the precise matching approach places its emphasis on task-specific skills (e. G. , motor skills, specific information processing capabilities, and communication skills) and puts less emphasis on the broad general knowledge and experience, social skills, values, beliefs, and attitudes of employees. Many have questioned the precise matching approach. They argue that firms can identify top performers by focusing on key employee mind-sets, attitudes, social skills, and general orientations. If they get these elements right, the task-specific skills can be learned quickly. This does not imply, however, th at task-specific skills are unimportant; rather, it suggests that the requisite skill sets must be viewed as a necessary but not sufficient condition. ) This leads us to a popular phrase today and serves as the title of the next section. â€Å"Hire for Attitude, Train for Skill† Organizations are increasingly emphasizing general knowledge and experience, social skills, values, beliefs, and attitudes of employees. 32 Consider Southwest Airlines' hiring practices, which focus on employee values and attitudes. Given its strong team orientation, Southwest uses an â€Å"indirect† approach.For example, the interviewing team asks a group of employees to prepare a five- minute presentation about themselves. During the presentations, interviewers observe which candidates enthusiastically support their peers and which candidates focus on polishing their own presentations while the others are presenting. 33 The roomer are, of course, favored. Alan Cooper, president of Cooper Soft ware, Inc. , in Palo Alto, California, goes further. He cleverly uses technology to hone in on the problem- solving ability of his applicants and their attitudes before an interview even takes place.He has devised a â€Å"Bozo Filter,† an online test that can be applied to any industry. Before you spend time on whether Job candidates will work out satisfactorily, find out how their minds work. Cooper advised, â€Å"Hiring was a black see our test. It's a self-administering bozo filter. â€Å"34 How does it work? The online test asks questions designed to see how prospective employees approach provisioning tasks. For example, one key question asks software engineer applicants to design a table-creation software program for Microsoft Word. Candidates provide pencil sketches and a description of the new user interface.Another question used for design communicators asks them to develop a marketing strategy for a new touch- tone phone?directed at consumers in the year 1850. Cand idates e-mail their answers back to the company, and the answers are circulated around the firm to solicit feedback. Only candidates with the highest marks get interviews. Sound Recruiting Approaches and Networking Companies that take hiring seriously must also take recruiting seriously. The number of Jobs that successful knowledgeableness companies must fill is astonishing.Ironically, many companies still have no shortage of applicants. For example, Google, ranked fourth on Fortune's 2009 â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work For,† still attracts 777,000 applicants a year?even though hiring has slowed. 35 The challenge becomes having the right Job candidates, not the greatest number of them. Resources 125 Deserted chic 118-155. And 125 11/11/09 PM GE Medical Systems, which builds CT scanners and magnetic resonance imaging (MR.) systems, relies extensively on networking. They have found that current employees are the best source for new ones.Recently, Steven Potshot, head of staff ing and leadership development, made a few simple changes to double the number of referrals. First, he simplified the process?no complex forms, no bureaucracy, and so on. Second, he increased incentives. Everyone referring a qualified candidate received a gift certificate from Sears. For referrals who were hired, the â€Å"bounty' increases to $2,000. Although this may sound like a lot of money, it is â€Å"peanuts† compared to the $1 5,000 to $20,000 fees that GE typically pays to headhunters for each person hired. 6 Also, when someone refers a former colleague or friend for a Job, his or her credibility is on the line. Thus, employees will be careful in recommending people for employment unless they are reasonably confident that these people are good candidates. This provides a good â€Å"screen† for the firm in deciding whom to hire. Hiring the right people makes things a lot easier: fewer rules and regulations, less need for monitoring and hierarchy, and greater i nitialization f organizational norms and objectives. Consider some of the approaches that retire, people in this demographic group are becoming more and more important in today's workforce.We also provide some â€Å"tips† on how to get hired. We address these issues in Exhibit 4. 3. Developing Human Capital It is not enough to hire top-level talent and expect that the skills and capabilities of those employees remain current throughout the duration of their employment. Rather, training and development must take place at all levels of the organization. 37 For example, Selection assembles printed circuit boards and other components for TTS Silicon Valley clients. 38 Its employees receive an average of 95 hours of company- provided training each year.Chairman Winston Chem. observed, â€Å"Technology changes so fast that we estimate 20 percent of an engineer's knowledge becomes obsolete each year. Training is an obligation we owe to our employees. If you want high growth and hig h quality, then training is a big part of the equation. † Although the financial returns on training may be hard to calculate, most experts believe it is essential. One company that has calculated the benefit from training is Motorola. Every dollar spent on training returns $30 in productivity gains over the following three years.In addition to training and developing human capital, firms must encourage widespread involvement, monitor and track employee development, and evaluate human capital. 39 Encouraging Widespread Involvement Developing human capital requires the active involvement of leaders at all levels. It won't be successful if it is viewed only as the responsibility of the human resources department. Each year at General Electric, 200 facilitators, 30 officers, 30 human resource executives, and many young managers actively participate in Gee's orientation program at Correlation, its training center outside New York City. Chapter A model Is an abstraction of a real system. True + False Question 2 2/ 2 points True or False? In a discrete-event simulation, an event is an interaction between objects in the system. Question 3 2/ 2 points True or False? Meteorologists often use multiple simulated models, which make different assumptions, to predict the weather. True* Question 4 2/ 2 points True or False? The most common application of computer graphics in modern operating systems is the graphical user interface. True+Question 5 2/ 2 points True or False? In computer graphics, knit cloth and woven cloth should move and drape In the same way. True False* Question 6 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a simulation in which the model is viewed at uniform time intervals? A) discrete-event b) concrete c) abstract e) continuous Question 7 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a model that represents a real environment, such as a flight simulator? A) time-driven b) discrete-event c) continuous d) concrete + e) abstractQuestion 8 2/ 2 points Which of the following best describes a simulation that expresses change in terms of a set of differential equations? A) concrete c) time-driven d) continuous + Question 9 2/ 2 points Which of the following describes the angle at which a human looks at a mirror? B) transposition vector c) normal vector d) reflection vector e) light vector Question 10 2/ 2 points Which of the following is NOT a game genre or a game submerge? A) strategy games b) life-simulation games c) role-playing games d) action games. Chapter Volcano erupting in Hawaii because Peel upset. Must make Peel happy to stop volcano. Names in Sociology Berger – seeing the general in the particular (making the familiar strange) Mills – Sociological Imagination comet (1837) Social physics / positivism Theological Metaphysical Human equality to what is going on in their life Scientific process to what is going on in their life All issues are happening because of a scientific process Harriet Martinets Female in a man's world Translated Comet' into English Early Feminist and very dominate Research methods Women's issues Father disowned her @ early age of 21Karl Marx Materialism Class conflict Philosopher Bi-polar Wrote about economic institutions of capitalism Market will control itself Excessive focus on materialism how the focus of stuff effects the relationship; managing works The essence of conflicts impacts institutions Max Weber 1 SST sociologist Suffered from severe depression How religion institution drive the ec onomic structure Persistent – research until you have understand what is going on Mile Druthers Statistics Social facts Number guy – census data collector Positivistic sociology Suicide Anomie Enormousness – loss of normalNot dependable George Simmer Urban sociology Study of structures of groups in cities (Group dynamics) Names in Sociology in the US Robert Park Father of Sociology Started the 1st dept. Of sociology in [email  protected] the Univac. Of Chicago Charles Cooley â€Å"looking-glass self† Your participation in groups is influenced on how people see you George Herbert Mead W. E. B.DUBIOUS 1st African American male to Received PhD from Harvard Expounded the NAACP Asked to teach sociology @ Atlanta University Developed the concept of â€Å"double consciousness† How people react differently with different situation Jane Addams Hull House Social worked Nobel prize (1931) Theories – Explain, Describe, Predict; Life structurally runs on theories Functionalism – what is the reason?Organism – How the human body works – made up of systems Manifest / latent Manifest function – positive outcome Latent function – positive or negative outcome Social consensus â€Å"reasons' Microbiology – Looking for big picture Conflict – Competing interest (limited goods), Societal driving force , Exists on all levels Initiates change Power Gender/age Political Economic Microbiology – generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis Society functions on conflict Conflict is mostly about limited goods – Have / Have Not Conflict theory views society from exactly the opposite of perspective Conflict is good for society cause it represents change There has and always will be conflict between workers & entrepreneurs (I. E†¦. Why unions were created) Feminist Theory – Conflict model where gender is concerned / Political reform Symbolic Interac tions Interpretation of symbols Face to face interactions Creating reality Microbiology (Seeks to understand local international context) Max Weber Interpretive sociology Persistent Post Modernism: Sometimes part of all of the above theories Fast changing interactions Subjective / objective Given the pace of the world today, it is all of the above theories, embrace all Midrange Theory: Social institutions focus Booker T Washington W. E.B Dubious Civil Rights Institutions are a very strong influence on groups behavior Attempt to predict how certain social institutions tend to function Sociology Connect to History (events, social change) Anthropology (study of culture) Psychology (social psychology) Political science (power governmental institution) Example: Explain Marriage with man duties vs.. Male duties Functionalism – because that is how they were raised or taught Conflict – males w/ more power Feminist – more women working to gain more power Symbolic  œ the two parties setting ground rules with each other regarding whom does what CHAPTER 2 How do sociologist due what they do?Majority & Minority in a group (in/out group) Social Networks – relations held together by ties (stories), strength of ties, structural ole (kinship gap), lack of communication on each side of hole (Ebay) Social Capital – pre-existing knowledge a person has that helps them enter network value you have that makes you socially interested to the group may be going down due to loose connections, less family togetherness, fewer group vacations, decreased civic engagement Network Analysis (social relationships) – epidemiology, teenage sex networks (hook-up {in tie}, virginity pledges {outside tie}) organization – legal, multiple secondary group, common purpose, boundaries between members (govern behaviors overpayment policy / group structure – immigration (1921 / Hart-cellar Act, 1965) organizational culture – shared belief s/behaviors organizational structure – structure with power / authority distribution interlocking directorates – mega – corporations institutional isomorphism – forced sameness of corporations in similar environments – airline ticket prices Chapter 6 – Social Deviance US incarceration rate: . 75% (2. 3 million), 25% of world – criminal Justice (formal deviance).Formal deviance is and expensive proposition because up keep and personal and a lot of time and energy. Social deviance – transgression of social norms {where, when, who (power)} knowing there is a norm out there and you are willing fully violate it relative to where you did it, when you did it, and who saw you do it informal – no societal level consequence – without serious repercussions but could be prolonged formal – with serious repercussions most of your life is filled with informal deviance and informal social control Social control device â₠¬â€œ bring back norm normative compliance – best social control device in society, by complying with all the norms both formal and informal Druthers (functionalism) – social cohesion (bonds), Chapter Chapter State diagram shows the states of the objects and how those states change. Sequence diagram only shows the message interactions among the objects. 4. Mention and describe three different views used in architectural design. Architectural design is a high level view of the system. It can be described with: logical view : represents the decomposition of a system and how those parts work with each other physical architectural view: represents the mapping of the software to the hardware process view: represents the run- time â€Å"processes† and flow of the system. 5.What is the difference between data modeling and logical data base design? In data modeling we are instructing and showing the Entity-Relationship among the objects. In logical data base design, the E-R diagram is converted to the sets of tables and relationships among the tables. 6. What is the difference between low fidelity prototypes and high fidelity prototypes? Low fidelity prototypes are quick hand drawn screens using markers, post-it notes, post cards, and/or cut out images to represent the screens of the system. Simple mockup sketch of the target product.High fidelity prototypes are screens created using a tool to design the screens. These screens look and mimic the behavior of the future screens of the system. An example of a tool is visual basic with the use of hide and show. Detailed mockup resembling and behaving close to the final product. 7. Discuss Figure 7. 26 with regard to the user's interaction; the screen's interaction; and the system's interaction (process). The user sees the Registration Screen for the Spring 2012, using the drop box â€Å"All Courses† they would select a course and click the button â€Å"Add Course†.The screen would show the representation seen at the top of Figure 7. 26 initially. This screen would react to the user's usage of the drop box (showing a scrollable list of he available courses and showing the course selected). When the user has selected a course and clicked â€Å"Add Course' the screen would send the information to the registration and when the Registration returns success it would show the second screen in Figure 7. 26. The system's interaction shown in Figure 7. 26 begins with the Registrations object passing the registration information to the section object.This section object needs to check if the student has the prerequisites for the course. If the Boolean returned is True then the message Add(student) is sent to students object. Note: another sequence diagram would represent Boolean = False. 8. Explain â€Å"Adding a course† from section 7. 3. 4. 1 using Normal's 7 Stage Model. 1 Form a goal -? add Engle 201 1 – The user (student) forms the goal â€Å"l need to add Engle 2011 to my schedule†. 2 Form an intention – find Engle 201 1 The user (student) forms the intention on the screen shown in 7. 26 to find Engle 201 1 in the drop box. Specify the action – mouse can show courses in the drop box – The user will decide to use the mouse to click and hold open the drop box and move the mouse down until he/she sees the Engle 2011 course. Execute the action – The user moves the mouse to the arrow in the drop box and clicks when he/she is on the arrow of the drop box. 5 Perceive the system state (feedback) – he/she sees the drop box open with multiple courses in a list. 6 Interpret the feedback – he/she sees the Engle 201 1 7 Evaluate – because the user sees the course they evaluate â€Å"Success† to their intention.Note: They would continue with the next intention to click â€Å"Add Course†. 9. List the four components of the GYMS model for user interfaces. The 4 factors of GYMS model are : Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules 10. Explain how the Model-View-controller architectural style is done using HTML-Script-SQL. The Model-View-Controller (MFC) architectural style is done with HTML as t he View of the system and SQL as a database. The database has the model of the system. PH is the script used as the controller for the system. Chapter 8: 1 .Question: What are the two general characteristics of a design that naturally carry over from requirements? Answer: The design is an evolution from requirements. So the two general characteristics of a) consistency and b) completeness of requirements usually carry over to the design. 2. Question: What is Menace's climatic complexity number a) attempting to measure, and b) what is the climatic complexity number of a program A that contains 3 binary predicates (or branches)? Answer: a) Menace's climatic complexity number measures the control flow complexity of software. ) Using the simple formula of (#if binary branches + 1), the climatic number of program A is (3+1 ) or 4. 3. Question: What is a program slice? Answer: A program slice is the set of statements that can affect the value of some specified variable of interest in the program. 4. Question: What are glue tokens and super glue tokens, and which type nutrients more to cohesion? Answer: Glue tokens are data tokens that lie in more than one data-slice, and super glue tokens are data tokens that lie in every data-slice. The super glue tokens contribute more to cohesion because they lie in every data slice. 5. Question: What is software cohesion?Answer: Cohesion is a characteristic that describes the degree of relatedness within the software. 6. Question: What are the levels of cohesion? Answer: There are 7 levels of cohesion listed in the order of worst to best: coincidental, logical, temporal, procedural, communicational, sequential, and national. 7. Question: What is software coupling? Answer: Coupling is a characteristic that describes the degree of interdependence or interaction among the parts within the software. 8. Question: What are the levels of coupling? Answer: There are 5 levels of coupling listed in the order of worst to best: content, com mon, control, stamp, and data. . Question: What are the six design measurements of C-K metrics in 00? Answer: They are a) weighted number of methods per class, b) depth of inheritance tree of the class, c) number of children of a class, d) coupling between objects, e) number of espouses to a class message, and f) lack of cohesion among methods in a class 10. Question: In contrast to general design, what is user interface design interested in? Answer: The general software design is concerned about the software components, their characteristics and their interactions.User interface design is focused on the interaction between the software and its human users; thus both software and human attributes are of concern in user interface design. 1 1 . Question: List four out of the eight rules of user interface design identified by Seminarian and Pleasant. Answer: There are actually 8: a) consistency, b) roved short cuts, c) informative feedback, d) closure in dialogues, e) simple error hand ling and prevention, f) permit â€Å"re-do†, g) support locus of control, h) reduce the amount of short-term memory needs. Any four of the eight would be fine. 12.Question: What are the general cohesion and coupling goals when designing software? Answer: We strive for lesser or looser coupling of software, and we design for stringer or tighter cohesion. 13. Question: What is the Law of Demeter attempting to achieve? Answer: Law of Demeter is a set of guiding rules that limits the span of control of an object y restricting the messaging structure among methods of a class. Through these restrictions it is conjectured that we can reduce coupling and enhance cohesion. 14. Question: What is fan-in and fan-out, and what attribute do they measure?Answer: Fan-in is a measure of number of information flow into a module or component. Fan-out is the number of information flow out of a module. An example of fan-in for module-x would be the number of modules that call module-x and for fan -out of module-x would be the number of modules that are called by module-x. Thus fan-in and fan-out measure the coupling attribute among modules. Chapter 9: 1. Question: is the act of transforming the detailed design into a valid program in some programming language. Answer: Implementation. 2. Question: List 3 desirable characteristics of a good implementation.Answer: Readability; maintainability; performance; traceability; correctness; completeness. 3. Question: True or False? : The most important issues for maintaining a good coding style are: to be consistent and to try to highlight the meaning of your code. Answer: True. 4. Question: You should choose longer names for local variables or entities, but can use shorter ones for global variables or entities. Answer: False. 5. Question: List 3 of the types of code comments described in the book. Answer: Repeat of the code; explanation of the code; marker in the code; summary of the code; description of the code intent; external refe rences.